The ultimate review guides for AP subjects to help you plan and structure your prep. The Kurds have a long history of statelessness, dating back to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. It also touches upon the issues of inequity that national identity formation often creates. Want to create or adapt books like this? Gamal Abdul Nasser and Non-Alignment, Part 11. The Basque country in northern Spain is similarly a region of deep contention. The Impact of Imperialism on the Region, Part 6. As refugees in other countries, they may also be denied a path to citizenship. Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. A "stateless nation" is a nation of people who self-identify as a common national group, but who do not have their own political state. Many of them live in the very north of Thailand along the mountainous jungle border with Myanmar and Laos, and area known as the Golden Triangle. Members have citizenship in the country in which they reside. Imagine you're from a minority ethnic group that has been oppressed for centuries. The Treaty of Westphalia in the 17th Century ended the Thirty Years War and created many of the boundaries in Europe which remain definitive it also gave the right for each territory to choose its own form of worship. htm). In Syria, their autonomous area (Rojava) has been heavily affected by Turkish military hostility; the Turkish state and the Kurds have a long-time fraught relationship. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the . B. B. had several forerunners. An area in which a nation and a state both coincide in the same space. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. Loss or relinquishment of nationality without first acquiring another. Kurdish communities are commonly found across Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Iran and Armenia. Thailand is home to an estimated 2 to 3.5 million stateless individuals. Tim Del Gallo 5/5/22 (extension) Global Conservation UNCLOS Executive Summary The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provided many answers to a confusing question. The new nation state system also created a situation in which many cultural communities in the Middle East became underrepresented minorities. The Kurds have a long history of statelessness, dating back to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. For the FRQs, you are not likely to be explicitly asked about one. It refers to the relationship between the dominant group which identifies with national identity is more supported by the countrys political, social and economic systems, and less powerful communities whose interests are not as well-served by them. The term State of Palestine is only used officially by Sweden. (The term "gypsy" comes from the false belief that the Roma originated in Egypt.). They are thus stateless nations. Without legal rights as citizens, the Rohingya are subject to discriminatory and unjust policies that restrict their movement, confiscate their land and severely limit their access to health care, education and employment. nation both within and outside their families and refugee communities, stateless women in South Asia are experiencing the fallout from COVID-19 in a distinctively stressful way. Malta, national identity and the European Union" (The Sunday Times, December 1, 8 and 15) Professor Godfrey . Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, The Mystical Tradition of Sufism, or Tasawwuf, The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University, Chapter Three: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism. In the Middle East, the formation of nation states created numerous minority groups in each country, whose cultural, linguistic or religious identity doesnt match with the official nationality of the country. In Turkey, which has the largest Kurdish minority in the region (close to 15 million), the government has long denied the reality of a separate Kurdish identity. Regarding the AP Human Geography Exam, the concept of a stateless nation falls under the political organization of space. A nationless state or a stateless nation. Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. For example, a 2012 study estimated that the opportunity cost of volunteers cleaning up beaches around the globe costs around USD 74 . In Syria, Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1962 when the Syrian government's "Arabization" effort resulted in hundreds of thousands of Kurds being left off a national census and deemed "foreigners" (though some were allowed to acquire Syrian nationality later.) After Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, many become "crypto-Jews," celebrating their faith and customs in secret, but in public, pretending to be Christians. We will finish by showing how this fits into the AP Human Geography multiple choice and free response question (FRQ) by showing an example, followed by a summary of this entire page. These five stateless groups Rohingya, Roma, Nubians, Bidoon and Yao are just a select few from an extensive list. Stateless nations are members of multinational states and guaranteed limited sovereignty; officially recognized by the government(s) of the country or countries in which they reside. Such is the case with groups such as the Tolupan, Pech, and Garifuna in Honduras. The homelands of stateless nations like the Kurds, Yoruba, and Palestinians occupy parts of several countries. Hundreds of thousands of stateless people in Thailand are members of indigenous "hill tribes" like the Akna, Lanu, Lisu, Yao, Shan, Hmong and Karen. [90][91], During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. D. contains countries whose economies complement one another. The Kurds are an example of a nation.Thus the correct option is B.. What are Kurds? The Roma lived in relative peace in the former Yugoslavia, but when the communist country broke up in the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Roma were displaced by armed conflicts in Balkan states like Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. While rights such as voting are denied even to citizens in numerous countries, actual non-citizenship is reserved for people such as the stateless refugee nations of the Rohingya. In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. You live in a country where your native language is forbidden in schools and the workplace. In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal. nation-state, a territorially bounded sovereign polityi.e., a statethat is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. None have homelands outside of Mexico, but all have diasporas in the US. 26 febrero, 2023. What are examples of a stateless nation? For example, the homelands of most of Mexico's 70 nations, Brazil's 300 nations, Nigeria's up to 400 nations, and Papua New Guinea's over 600 nations are entirely within those countries. Which of the following refers to the most disadvantaged situations for stateless nations? It is the culmination of laws, educational practices and popular culture that favor the perspectives and interests of the more powerful group. This section gives an overview of national identities and how they formed in the Middle East, and how they differ from European and global views on national identity. Examples: Japan, Iceland, Denmark, and France. The Kurds of the Caucasus mountains are an example of a stateless nation because they are a recognized nationality that does not have a state. Many nations were not always subject to the laws of a state. They often faced discrimination ranging from denial of citizenship to dispossession of their homelands. Nations inhabiting a country but deprived of all land. Though they have some sovereignty over their territories, they are not separate countries, and thus can be considered stateless under the strictest definition of the term. 54% of RWE's current power generation is coal-fired and the In Macedonia, an estimated 110,000 to 200,000 more Roma struggle to find work, health care and housing without the necessary citizenship papers, even though Roma families have now lived there in exile for generations. But it's still not their own country. A multistate nation is a group of people with a shared ethnic or linguistic culture that resides in multiple states. States that developed their national consciousness after the formation of the state do not have a national history that ties to a unique cultural community. Simulate how different MCQ and FRQ scores translate into AP scores. You see, the independence treaty you signed was ripped up. Palestine is not a country, even though 136 member states of the United Nations recognize Palestine as its own sovereign state. 28 October 2019. They resented this because they believed that the land was theirs and was taken away by the British. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. Kurdish populations are spread between four countries (Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran) in all of which they live as (sometimes persecuted) minorities. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). 2 - A 2008 map shows territories with limited sovereignty granted to the Indigenous people of Brazil. Other examples include many indigenous peoples that have been manoeuvred into minority status in their home countries by colonial powers. We don't mean "nations" such as the US; we use "country" and "federal government" (rather than "national government") instead. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content. There is a new law being put for debate to allow dual citizenship in Germany. The creation of the state of Israel in 1948 by Great Britain as a Jewish state marginalized the Palestinian Muslim minority. Nomadic groups, for example in the Sahara, often move across international borders without going through border checkpoints. Nation States and Stateless Nations, Part 8. It is often a product of colonial dynamics mentioned earlier in this chapter, as settler communities from Europe have often, but not always, been the dominant group in this scenario. An example of a stateless nation is the Kurds. Civil Wars and Refugee Crises in the Middle East, Part 3. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Twentieth Century Middle East Timeline, Chapter Three: Faith and Religious Identity, Part 2. What is an example of a nation without a state? So, now that you know the definitions of a nation and a state, you can deduce that a stateless nation is a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory that does not operate as an independent political unit with a defined, permanently populated territory and has no sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. He has 10 books in print and lives in Panama. Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey, referred to the Kurds as mountain Turks. Kurdish attempts to achieve autonomy have been ruthlessly suppressed in all four Middle Eastern countries where they dwell. The history books your country uses tell lies about you. Traditionally, cultural communities were also based on a particular religious tradition. [16][17][18][19] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. It is important to understand that even when nations have autonomy they may still be disadvantaged compared to other groups of citizens. Others include Palestinians, Basques, and Roma. You can also find thousands of practice questions on Albert.io. And this is just another day in the life of a stateless nation. 5. College Board expects you to understand that events of the past have shaped the contemporary political map and to be able to explain the structure of the contemporary political map as well as different political entities, including stateless nations. The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'cosse, une nation sans tat about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. As such, the term expresses irredentism. Everything you need for your studies in one place. One example of a stateless nation is the Kurds, who are an ethnic group native to the Middle East and are spread across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Nearly 225,000 stateless people live in Latvia and 78,000 in Estonia, mainly ethnic Russians who have trouble obtaining citizenship and often face discrimination. Another treaty came into effect instead, depriving your people of statehood, and you're back to square one. Similarly, the situation of the Brasileirinhos Apatrids, stateless children born to Brazilian parents abroad who were unable to acquire Brazilian nationality unless they went back to live in Brazil, was resolved in 2007. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence[87] and Irish people before the Irish War of Independence and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War. Many of those Kurds have since fled the violence and become refugees elsewhere. C. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies. For example in Iran the majority identity is Persian-speaking, Shii Muslim. Stateless Nation When a nation does not have a state. This factsheet should be read in conjunction with the following factsheets, also available on the Resource Hub on our website - 'The 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons'; and Thus nation-states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world. [5][6][7] Some of the stateless nations have a history of statehood, some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation. statistical reporting table, to produce the "Total number of stateless people including displaced Rohingya population from Myanmar". stateless people, people with 1 The term foundational learning in this document encompasses both basic . Christian Sects in the Middle East, Part 14. A stateless nation refers to nations, religions or a group of individuals who taken as the minority in any region or a nation and have no place or nation they can regard as their own. Turkish nationalist policy resulted in "Turkification" and the banning of Kurdish self-expression throughout much of the 1900s. Modernization Versus Westernization, Part 7. When a community lacks representation in a countrys system of government and/or cultural definition of citizenship, it is sometimes referred to as minoritization. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the process which creates inequity between groups in a given country (see Key Concept below). The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. An estimated 10 to 15 million people worldwide are strangers in their own country. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Dave Roos The key aspect to be aware of is that the identity of the most powerful group of the country which is usually also the majority group but not always doesnt represent the entire population. The US, for example, is a multinational state, because it contains hundreds of Native American nations. Stateless nations experience conditions ranging from autonomy of some type (the "best case" short of independence, which they may or may not desire) to the worst cases of complete landlessness and even having to exist in hiding! As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states without being considered "stateless nations". Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. example, only 61.4% of applications from Gaza were approved, meaning that patients had to go through the bureaucratic procedure of reapplication.10 Out of the 604 permit applications submitted for people injured during the GMR, only 17% were approved; 28% were rejected, and 55% did not receive an an-swer in time for the medical appointment. It is often a product of colonial dynamics mentioned earlier in this chapter, as settler communities from Europe have often, but not always, been the dominant group in this scenario. Frequently Asked Questions about Stateless Nation What is a stateless nation? For example, the case of some 300,000 Urdu-speakers (sometimes referred to as Biharis) was resolved in Bangladesh in 2008. This is a list of societies that have been described as examples of stateless societies. In Myanmar, they suffer from a long-running genocide and are denied citizenship. Thus there exists in all the stateless nations feelings of identity that can be qualified as contradictory. The U.N. human rights chief called the Myanmar military's actions at the time "a textbook example of ethnic cleansing.". The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. Civic nationalism is. Three of them, plus their coach, were stateless. Its people often live in varying degrees of attachment to their original nation. Although this region is sometimes called Kurdistan, it is not an official state. In regions free of border controls, like the Schengen Area in Europe, this is not an issue. Stateless nations are governed in numerous ways, ranging from autonomy (they can make their own laws though also have to obey the laws of the country or countries in which they are located) to complete lack of rights and autonomy; they may even exist only in a diaspora or in refugee camps, having been completely dispossessed of their lands. The few "stateless" ethnic groups that exceed that figure - African Americans in the United States, for example, or the Tamils in India - make no widespread demands for independence. To show how we can do this, lets look at an FRQ from 2014 (Question 2): The international borders of African countries are a legacy of colonialism. You will most likely be given choices that are descriptions of stateless nations, with you having to choose the correct answer or you will be given the description of a stateless nation, and you have to choose the correct term from the given choices. Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. Quickly review popular literary works like The Great Gatsby and more, See how scores on each section impacts your overall SAT score, See how scores on each section impacts your overall ACT score. This section gives an overview of national identities and how they formed in the Middle East, and how they differ with European and global views on national identity. The native population of the Mesopotamian hills and plains in what is now south-eastern Turkey, north-eastern Syria, northern Iraq, north-western Iran, and south-western Armenia are referred to as the Kurds.. Kurds were left with minority status in their respective nations as a result of the Treaty of Lausanne . These states were multinational states, often composed of warring tribes and nations. A total of 5.5 million Palestinians are registered with the UNRWA and since Palestine is still not its own country, those 5.5 million are widely considered to be stateless. Religion and Conflict in the Modern Middle East, Part 2. By this point, you should already be familiar with the term nation, and that it refers to a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory. Despite their significant presence in the region and their . For the sake of this discussion, however, it is important to know that various cultural communities, whether they called themselves qawm or umum (plural for umma), came to consider themselves nations. Stateless Nation - there can be thousands of these, Native Americans are all statless nations, no official borders or sovereignty, Palestine, Tibet, Basque are all examples, the largest stateless nation by population are the Kurds (30 million people spread in 6 countries. 3 - Kurdistan ("Kurdish-inhabited area") in the 1990s. What countries have stateless people? They resent the fact that they are not recognized and given political control over the land that they believe rightfully belongs to them. So what is the answer? Trans-border stateless nations face many challenges. Certain people do not exclusively feel part of their nation of origin. This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 02:32. Describe the concept of a superimposed boundary. Now imagine everything is about to change: the struggle is about to end, and you are going to have your own country and break away from the country where you have been mistreated. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Unending Struggle? The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. However, within those political boundaries, there is even more diversity to be grappled with, and understood. Its 100% free. The national identity in that case is formed based on a recent institution, rather than one which organically developed over a along period of time. If not, please review these definitions in the AP Human Geography Study Guide as a strong understanding of these terms is crucial to being able to understand fully what a stateless nation is. A federal US commission on international religious freedom has alleged that National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam is a tool to "target religious minorities and to render Muslims stateless". Stateless Nations Examples of Nations Nation-states Japan Denmark Multi-national states China (Tibet) Stateless nations Kurds (in Iraq, Turkey, Iran) Basques (in Spain, France) Divided nations Korea (North and South) Point of View Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria may see the Kurds as unreliable, untrustworthy traitors who want to break apart those countries. There are numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. 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And FRQ scores translate into AP scores parts of several countries on 27 February 2023 at! The violence and become refugees elsewhere Timeline, Chapter Three: Faith and Religious identity, Part.. Example in the life of a nation.Thus the correct option is B.. What are Kurds landlocked countries... Issues of inequity that national identity formation often creates groups such as the United nations, Shii Muslim border... Myanmar & quot ; Total number of cells stateless nation example contain similar content representation... From an extensive list the world 's national groups have associated nation-states who have obtaining! When a nation without a state ( sometimes referred to as Biharis ) was resolved in Bangladesh in.... These states were multinational states without being considered `` stateless '' implies the! Uses tell lies about you nearly 225,000 stateless people live in Latvia and 78,000 in Estonia, ethnic! 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The US a select few from an extensive list the group `` should have '' such a state coincide.