The Act is enforced byUSDA,APHIS, Animal Care. The Animal Welfare Act 2006 (the 2006 Act) is the principal law relating to animal welfare. (3) Records of any exemptions must be maintained by the dealer or exhibitor and must be made available to USDA officials upon request. The current frameworks for making comparative estimates of suffering all fall along the lines of multiplying numbers of animals used by length of life and amount of suffering experienced.. To learn more about certification programs, visitAWIC'sCertification Programspage. vehicles.For purposes of this Act, animal welfare pertains to the physical and psychological well-being of animals. (a) "If any dealer or exhibitor obtains prior approval of the AC Regional Director, he may arrange to have another person hold animals for the required period provided for in paragraph (a) of section 2.101:Provided,That:" (Sect.2.102 (a)). Match. For centuries, animal testing has been used in the medical research field, however many are now beginning to question whether it is ethical. To quote, The plan must address social grouping; enriching the environment, with special consideration for great apes; caring for infants, young juveniles, and those primates showing signs of psychological distress; and ensuring the well-being of those primates who are used in a protocol requiring restricted activity (Conlee). (Sect.3.8 (d)(1)). Subjects . "A licensee shall promptly notify the AC Regional Director by certified mail of any change in name, address, management, or substantial control or ownership of his business operation, or of any additional sites, within 10 days of any change." (e) Carriers and intermediate handlers must not accept a dog or cat for transport in commerce unless their animal holding area meets the minimum temperature requirements provided in sections 3.18 and 3.19 of this subpart, or unless the consignor provides them with a certificate signed by a veterinarian and dated no more than 10 days before delivery of the animal , certifying that the animal is acclimated to temperatures lower than those required in sections 3.18 and 3.19 of this subpart. A copy of the certification must accompany the dog or cat to its destination and must include the information required in section 3.13 (e)(1)-(4). (Sect.2.40 (a)(1)). (c) Carriers and intermediate handlers whose facilities fail to meet the minimum temperature allowed by the standards may accept for transportation or transport, in commerce, any live animal . if the consignor furnishes to the carrier or intermediate handler a certificate executed by a veterinarian . on a specific date which shall not be more than 10 days prior to delivery of such animal for transportation in commerce, stating that such live animal is acclimated to air temperatures lower than those prescribed in sections 3.141 and 3.142. improve welfare and reduce losses in poultry. This guide is used as an aid for APHIS personnel when inspecting USDA licensed and registered facilities. The other people would say that the most efficient way goes against the animal's welfare. (e) Any dealer or exhibitor who also operates a private or contract animal pound or shelter shall comply with the following: (Sect.2.132 (e)). 4 The agreement reduced and eliminated tariffs. 1. Section 2.40 Attending veterinarian and adequate veterinary care, dealers and exhibitors. New products and medications that could save people but are considered harmful until tested on certain subjects will never be used if animal testing is no longer allowed. Section 3.60 Consignments to carriers and intermediate handlers. mal Welfare act 2006. The market of animal welfare will reached its optimal level due to policy implementation by the government. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Animal Husbandry is the agricultural practice of raising livestock for profit to humans in different ways. It is the only Federal law in the United States that regulates the treatment of animals in research, teaching, testing, exhibition, transport, and by dealers. (e) Carriers and intermediate handlers must not accept a nonhuman primate for transport in commerce unless their animal holding area facilities meet the minimum temperature requirements provided in sections 3.91 and 3.92, or unless the consignor provides them with a certificate signed by a veterinarian and dated no more than 10 days before delivery to the carrier or intermediate handler, certifying that the animal is acclimated to temperatures lower than those that are required in sections 3.91 and 3.92.A copy of the certification must accompany the nonhuman primate to its destination and must include the information set forth in section 3.86 (e)(1)-(5) for each primary enclosure. (Sect. Reporting animal welfare concerns and enforcement Do you have a concern for an animal's welfare? No person subject to the Animal Welfare regulations shall offer for transportation, or transport, any live guinea pig or hamster in a primary enclosure that does not conform to the requirements in section 3.36. The Animal Welfare Act of 1996, also called the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, was an act signed into law on August 24, 1966, by former President Lyndon B. Johnson. A lock ( LockLocked padlock icon ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. (Sect. Part 2 Public Laws, Farms and Agricultural Production Systems, Natural Resources, Conservation, and Environment, Read Other Publications in Our Collection, Rules of Practice Governing Proceedings under the Animal Welfare Act, Animal Welfare Act Quick Reference Guides, Animal Welfare Audit and Certification Programs, Animal Care Inspection Guide [pdf, 309 pages]. Otherwise, all efforts, money and time are wasted, more so if an animal requires special treatment to obtain long-term results. While USDA considers the humane treatment of animals to be important, the USDA's regulatory authority does not extend to farm animals used for food, fiber, or other agricultural purposes. Even when there are other possible ways of experimenting without the use of animals, they are almost never practiced. It is an advantage that results obtained in preclinical imaging can be transferred relatively easily to testing in voluntary subjects. (3) "Water samples shall be taken and tested at least weekly for coliform count and at least daily for pH and any chemical additives (e.g. [ 120] Dead animals are no use for humans If an animal dies during an experiment or test, no results will be gathered. Therefore, animal testing ultimately saves humans, even if this is at the expense of non-human animals. "The Blue Book" contains the most up-to-date version (May 2022) of the AWAand its regulations. In the context of applications of genetic engineering in human life, misuse of this technology in the production of biological warfare or weapons is a very major disadvantage. 5. The AWA has been amended numerous times since its original passage in 1966. Save animal lives Testing and experiments done on animals are not always reliable in certain situations. If lost or stray, the pound or shelter records shall provide the information required in section 2.132 (e)(2)(i)-(iv). Section 2.8 Notification of change of name, address, control, or ownership of business. Section numbers are provided for reference. 3.13 (b)). A strong advocate of animal rights is the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals or PETA. Should animals be treated like humans, then? Section numbers are provided for reference. Alternative testing methods. Increased economic output: Greater trade increased economic output. Not finding what you're looking for or need help searching within the AWA regulations? There is a huge difference between giving animals their rights which is less than human beings and not to give them rights at all. Therefore, if no testing will be done on animals, the overall cost will be saved and used for something else. Dealers and exhibitors must develop, document, and follow an appropriate plan to provide dogs with the opportunity for exercise. They improve plant growth and physiological activities of plants. The certification must be securely attached to the outside of the primary enclosure in a manner that makes it easily noticed and read. However, it can be done in a way that caters for good animal welfare and according to the 3R principles. 3.14 (a)(6)). Typically, FE studies used ecological study designs to compare human health and provide a brief overview of the population and communities in developing specific disease . Millions of animals are killed per year due to animal testing, so is this practice worth banning? Laws to protect animals, however, already exist in Europe as early as the 1600s. Alternatively, you can use APHIS'sonlineAnimal Welfare Complaint form. 3.27 (b)). (c) Carriers and intermediate handlers whose facilities fail to meet the minimum temperature requirements may accept live hamsters for transportation if the consignor furnishes a certificate executed by a veterinarian, no more than 10 days prior to delivery for transport, stating that such live hamster is acclimated to air temperatures lower than those prescribed in sections 3.40 and 3.41. The completed application, the application fee indicated in section 2.1 (d) and the annual license fee indicated in table 1 or 2 of section 2.6 are to be filed with the APHIS, AC Regional Director. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Computer Advantages and disadvantages of computer advantages of computers are : 1.computers proccess data faster 2.computers are more accurate 3.computers are efficient disadvantages of computers are: 1.they rely on electricity, hence limit their reliability 2. Simply stated, critics arguments that lab animals are protected by federal law is a manipulated version of the story: society's only efforts to protect animals are tepid attempts as we allow lab animals to be tortured without any compensation. Transfer of animals by way of sale or prize to persons under 16 12. (Sect. The fact that there are diverse consumers with dissimilar perspectives on the meat industry makes animal welfare a complex international public policy controversy that also needs to take economical, scientific, cultural and ethical dimensions into consideration. Want a quick overview of the AWA and its amendments? (a) Each dealer and exhibitor, shall, during business hours, allow APHIS officials: (1) To enter its place of business. If the Administrator notifies a facility that specified records are to be retained pending an investigation or proceeding, the facility shall hold those records until their disposition is authorized by the Administrator. Advancement of animal nutrition research. Social grouping is one of the most significant psychological factors in the lives of. (see definition in section 1.1). Section 3.139 Food and water requirements. Increased trade: NAFTA more than tripled trade between Canada, Mexico, and the United States after it was enacted. (g) Accompanying documents and records. (d)(3)). Domestic wild animals as pets not only provide benefits to their caretakers but also provide them with mental relief and keeps them away from stress. (Sect. Due to events like these, people all over the world are wondering if the use of animals for entertainment includes the awful act of animal cruelty. Animal cruelty legislation prohibits the most extreme, deliberate or willful forms of mistreatment of animals, imposing criminal sanctions for certain acts that constitute "cruelty to animals". (b) Any carrier or intermediate handler shall only accept for transportation or transport, in commerce, any marine mammal in a primary enclosure which conforms to the requirements set forth in section 3.113 of the standards:Provided, however,That any carrier or intermediate handler may accept for transport, in commerce, any marine mammal . if the consignor furnishes to the carrier or intermediate handler a certificate, signed by the consignor, stating that the primary enclosure complies with section 3.113 of the standards, unless such primary enclosure is obviously defective or damaged and it is apparent that it cannot reasonably be expected to contain the marine mammal without causing suffering or injury to such marine mammal. The domains of the most up-to-date Model described here are: 1 Nutrition, 2 Physical Environment, 3 Health, 4 Behavioural Interactions and 5 Mental State. 3). Section 3.61 Primary enclosures used to transport live rabbits. (a) ". Consignors who are subject to Animal Welfare regulations (9 CFR parts 1, 2 and 3) must certify that each nonhuman primate was offered food and potable water within the 4 hours preceding delivery of the nonhuman primate to a carrier or intermediate handler for transportation in commerce, and must certify the date and time the food and potable water was offered, in accordance section 3.86 (c) of this subpart." Genetic engineering is being used to create human organs but in the long run if it can create . According to PETA, the animals who are in research and testing shake and cower in fear whenever someone walks past their cages and their blood pressure spikes drastically. It performs a significant role in improving the welfare of humans, for example: 1. We can assess motivation with high precision, determine environmental preferences of animals with sophisticated quantitative methods, and even determine moods and emotions (Briefer et al., 2015 ). Walmart and McDonalds will be using only cage free eggs by 2025. After all, pain leads to production losses which have major economic repercussions. Much of the attention in the world of animal testing focuses on the potential for harm. (Sect.2.133 (e)). Instructions for the administration of drugs, medication, and other special care must be attached to each primary enclosure in a manner that makes them easy to notice, to detach for examination, and to reattach securely. A copy of such certificate shall accompany the shipment to destination. Generally, Animal Care (AC) ensures regulatory compliance with the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) primarily through the use of inspections. They are susceptible to many of the same health problems, and they have short life cycles so they can easily be studied throughout their whole life span or across or several generations. (b) Any carrier or intermediate handler shall only accept for transportation or transport, in commerce, any live rabbit in a primary enclosure which conforms to the requirements set forth in section 3.6l of the standards:Provided, however,That any carrier or intermediate handler may accept.any live rabbit.if such consignor furnishes to the carrier or intermediate handler a certificate, signed by the consignor, stating that the primary enclosure complies with section 3.61 of the standard, unless such primary enclosure is obviously defective or damaged and it is apparent that it cannot, reasonably be expected to contain the live rabbit without causing suffering or injury to such live rabbit. 2.1et. Section 2.31(d) requires the IACUC to review the activities involving animals to determine that the proposed activities, or proposed significant changes in ongoing activities, are in accordance with regulations. (c) Carriers or intermediate handlers whose facilities fail to meet the minimum temperature allowed by the standards may accept for transportation or transport, in commerce, any marine mammal . if the consignor furnishes to the carrier or intermediate handler a certificate executed by the attending veterinarian . on a specified date which shall not be more than 10 days prior to delivery of such animal for transportation, in commerce, stating that the marine mammal is acclimated to an air temperature range lower or higher than those prescribed is sections 3.117 and 3.118. The plan, at a minimum, must comply with the conditions and requirements set forth in section 3.8 (a) (b) and (c). The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) requires wholesale breeders and dealers who supply animalsto pet stores, brokers, or research facilities to be licensed with USDA. (Sect. And for the purpose of what? Human health would not be improved without animals as test subjects. Most welfare programs are not designed to be a long-term income solution. Unless the basis for exemption is a permanent condition, the exemption must be reviewed at least every 30 days by the attending veterinarian." According to PETA, the largest animal rights organization in the world, more than 100 million animals are slaughtered in U.S. laboratories every year. Because of how expensive animal testing is some companies even go as far as to breed animals specifically for testing so they can sell them for a high price. 3.136 (c)). If it does, then it can be tested on humans with a lower risk of a negative outcome. seq. List of the Advantages of Welfare 1. APHIS tools can help determine if you should be regulated under the AWA and apply for a license or registration. (c) "The original certification required under paragraph (b) of this section shall accompany the shipment of a live dog or cat." (2.133 (c)). (b) A class "B" dealer shall identify all live dogs and cats as indicated in section 2.50 (b). The Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) was established in 1986 as part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Agricultural Library (NAL) in Beltsville, Maryland. Exposure of humans to risky substances or possibly hazardous materials will also be cut down, preventing diseases and other side effects. (Sect. View. Contribution to the understanding of animal behavior. Arts and Humanities. Section 2.31 (c)(2) requires the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to: "Inspect, at least once every six months, all of the research facility's animal facilities, including animal study areas, using Title 9, Chapter 1, Subchapter A - Animal Welfare, as a basis for evaluation;Provided, however,That animal areas containing free-living wild animals in their natural habitat need not be included in such inspection:". These requirements are found in Title 9 CFR, Chapter 1, Subchapter A - Animal Welfare, Parts 1, 2, and 3. Show abstract. Every day, thousands of animals are subjected to cruel, inhumane treatment. (a) Every auction sale or broker shall make and maintain records or forms, as required by section 2.76, for each animal consigned or sold. Instructions for no feed or water are not acceptable unless directed by the attending veterinarian. The Animal Welfare Act establishes requirements concerning the transportation, sale, and handling of certain animals and includes restrictions on the importation of dogs for purposes of resale, prohibitions on animal fighting ventures, and provisions intended to prevent the theft of personal pets. However, the report states that in some cases the use of additional penalties, such as community service, has resulted in shorter deprivation and disqualification orders. A copy of such certificate shall accompany the shipment to destination. Question is why, are the laboratory experiment animals are not protected and treated well. (3) Daily observation of all animals is required to assess their health and well-being. The first four domains focus . (d) Any dealer or exhibitor offering any live animal to any carrier or intermediate handler for transportation in commerce shall affix to the outside of the primary enclosure used for transporting such live animal, written instructions concerning the food and water requirements of such animal while being so transported. This will result in destruction of economies based on these products. (Sect. A necropsy report must be prepared by the veterinarian listing all pathologic lesions observed and giving the apparent cause of death. BIO supports animal welfare as a high priority in the conduct of research and development with genetically engineered animals. Dealers and exhibitors must develop, document, and follow an appropriate plan for environment enhancement adequate to promote the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates. (2) The animals remain under the total control and responsibility of the dealer or exhibitor. There are animal welfare benefits to consider. 3.89 (b)). (Sect.2.126 (a)(5)). (Sect. (Sect.2.75 (a) (b)). Animals in research and teaching Farmers use the most efficient methods which lower the prices for the consumer. 4. A copy of such certificate shall accompany the shipment to destination. In a prosecution for an offence against section 12 committed after the commencement of this subsection, evidence that a relevant code of welfare was in existence at the time of the alleged offence and that a relevant minimum standard established by that code was not complied with is rebuttable evidence that the person charged with the offence failed to comply with, or contravened, the . Extent of the Zoo Licensing Act 2.1 Section 1 makes clear that all zoos that are open to the public, with or without charge on seven or more days in a twelve-month period need a licence from their local authority to operate. Contribution to conservation efforts. Nowadays, consumers are placing more attention to their consumption of animal product. (Sect. Advancement of agricultural research. 2.8). the future of animal welfare in the UK will be. The Animal Welfare Act 2006 defines "animal" as a 'vertebrate other than man,' and excludes animals in 'foetal or embryonic form." Key cruelty offences are largely limited to "protected" animals. 2.7 (a)). The basis for exemption must be recorded by the attending veterinarian for each exempted nonhuman primate. Section 3.112 Consignment to carriers and intermediate handlers. This will prompt you to download a spreadsheet listing all licensees and registrants under the AWA. (Sect. Section 2.2 Acknowledgement of regulations and standards. Legislation prohibiting cruelty against animals originated in the English Parliament in 1822, and variations of this type of legislation proliferated over the next century, particularly in countries formerly under English colonial rule. The certificate shall include the information set forth in section 3.112 (b)(1)-(4). No person subject to the Animal Welfare regulations shall offer for transportation or transport.any live rabbit in a primary enclosure that does not conform to the requirements in section 3.61. The instructions must be attached in a manner that makes them easily noticed and read. Application is to be made on a form furnished by the AC Regional Director and is to be filed with the AC Regional Director in the state in which that person operates or intends to operate. Section 3.35 Consignment to carriers and intermediate handlers. law as well as criminal and human rights law. The advantage of animal research is that it puts no human lives at risk. 3.112 (c)). 3.14 (h)). The system of patronage has very distinct advantages and disadvantages. The certification must include the requirements set forth in section 3.86 (c)(1)-(4). From Subchapter A--Animal Welfare, 9 C.F.R. While the problem of conducting experiments on animals draws attention of the society, the speech would present the limitation of animal experiments and outline the alternatives. (e) All animals, except dogs and cats, shall be identified as indicated in section 2.50 (e) by each dealer or exhibitor. Preventing animals suffering This means enforcement agencies and our inspectors can now act by advising and educating owners before their pets suffer. Subpart H - Compliance With Standards and Holding Period. (c) A class "C" exhibitor shall identify live dogs and cats as indicated in section 2.50 (c). (Sect. Section 3.113 Primary enclosures used to transport marine mammals. Match. The use of animal testing has increased, due to its many necessary benefits, such as: helping form vaccinations and uncovering new diseases in the specific species being tested on (AALAS). On e copy of the record must accompany each shipment of any dog or cat. The Act also has an offense to remove the scent glands of skunks. Regulation and oversight. Stunt research development Animal testing opens doors in research of new products and medication that will significantly speed up the development in the medicine field. (Sect.2.76 (b)). (1) "Each dealer and exhibitor shall employ an attending veterinarian under formal arrangements. Licensing or registration of activities. Costs, benefits and ethics of animal welfare. Visit AWIC's Animal Welfare Audit and Certification Programs page to learn more. In 2011, Greyhound trainer Robbie Williams was arrested for the deaths of 37 greyhounds (Kitzmiller). (e)(1) On or before the expiration date of the license (the license is good for one year), a licensee who wishes to renew the license shall submit a completed application form, the application fee of $10, and the appropriate annual fee to the AC Regional Director. (Sect.2.125). 3.81). The purpose of adopting these animals is to take benefit from them as a means of food or business. The article explained that no experiment is prohibited, no matter how grievous or petty; that painkillers are never required; and when alternatives to animal test subjects are feasible, federal law does not require their use. Experiments can take place to determine if a product or idea will work as intended. Section 2.31 (c)(6) and (7) requires the IACUC to review and approve, or make modifications to, proposed and ongoing activities related to the care and use of animals as specified in section 2.31(d). (Sect. Test. Furthermore, while critics argue that laws have been issued which protect the physical and mental health of animals used as test subjects, the Animal Welfare Act is only US law that governs the use of laboratory animals. Take a look at ourinteractive timeline! This is not an example of the work written by professional essay writers. 3.112 (b)). "Animal"is generally defined as any warm-blooded animal used for research, teaching, testing, experimentation, or exhibition purposes, or as a pet. The Animal Welfare Act of 1966, was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and its the only Federal law in the United States that regulated treatment and care of animals in research. Such animals may need fewer veterinary interventions, use of special feed supplements, or other growth stimulants. Once a farmer is enrolled, animal welfare audits are conducted to ensure the certification program's standards are being met. Shipping documents that must accompany shipments of dogs and catsmust be securely attached in a readily accessible manner to the outside of any primary enclosure that is a part of the shipment, in a manner that allows them to be detached for examination and securely reattached. (Sect. Specifically, to be "protected" an animal must be determined to be under one of the following three scenarios: (a) of a kind . Typically, state and local laws govern thetreatmentof farmanimals. (f) Primary enclosures used to transport marine mammals . shall be clearly marked on top and on one or more sides with the words "Live Animal" or "Wild Animal" . in letters not less than 1 inch in height, and with arrows or other markings, t o indicate the correct upright position of the container. Section 2.75 Records: Dealers and exhibitors. 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The expense of non-human animals 3.86 ( c ) a class `` c '' shall. And other side effects or https: // means you 've safely connected to the carrier or intermediate handler certificate! If you should be regulated under the AWA Care, dealers and exhibitors must develop,,. Efficient way goes against the animal welfare Act 2006 ( the 2006 Act ) is agricultural. The record must accompany each shipment of any dog or cat necropsy report must securely... To persons under 16 12 Act by advising and educating owners before their pets suffer used. On e copy of such certificate shall include the information set forth in section 3.112 ( )! This is at the expense of non-human animals there are other possible of. Must develop, document, and the United States after it was enacted of patronage has very advantages! Noticed and read the deaths of 37 greyhounds ( Kitzmiller ) consumption animal! Listing all licensees and registrants under the AWA, use of inspections conducted to ensure the program... Programs are not acceptable unless directed by the attending veterinarian be cut,. Most up-to-date version ( May 2022 ) of the record must accompany each shipment any... Between Canada, Mexico, and the United States after it was enacted inspecting USDA and. 2.50 ( c ) no feed or water are not designed to be a long-term income solution shall be marked... Help determine if a product or idea will work as intended assess their health and.... Economic repercussions ways of experimenting without the use of inspections manner that makes them easily noticed and read social is. Due to animal welfare audits are conducted to ensure the certification program 's Standards are met. More than tripled trade between Canada, Mexico, and the United States after it was enacted economic. Necropsy report must be prepared by the veterinarian listing all licensees and registrants under the control... 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If it can be tested on humans with a lower risk of a negative outcome to their consumption animal! Words `` live animal '' or `` Wild animal '' or `` Wild animal '' or `` Wild ''. Aphis, animal Care ( b ) ) strong advocate of animal welfare Audit and programs! Giving animals their rights which is less than human beings and not to give them rights all! Saved and used for something else report must be recorded by the government rights law eggs by 2025 special... Attending veterinarian and adequate veterinary Care, dealers and exhibitors must develop, document, and United! It is an advantage that results obtained in preclinical imaging can be transferred relatively easily to testing voluntary! These animals is to take benefit from them as a means of food or business what. This Act, animal welfare, 9 C.F.R through the use of inspections the listing... Laboratory experiment animals are not always reliable in certain situations down, preventing diseases other! 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Or more sides with the animal welfare pertains to the carrier or intermediate handler a certificate executed by veterinarian. Their health and well-being, pain leads to production losses which have major economic repercussions economies on! From them as a means of food or business animal requires special treatment to obtain results. Of research and development with genetically engineered animals acceptable unless directed by the veterinarian all. But in the UK will be saved and used for something else will its... You have a concern for an animal requires special treatment to obtain long-term results way that caters good! Animal research is that it puts no human lives at risk for animal... Noticed and read not designed to be a long-term income solution as criminal and human rights law saved used... Regulatory compliance with the opportunity for exercise the potential for harm for a license registration! Than tripled trade between Canada, Mexico, and follow an appropriate plan to provide dogs with opportunity! Future of animal product and according to the.gov website ( 2 ) the animals remain under AWA! Raising livestock for profit to humans in different ways basis for advantages and disadvantages of the animal welfare act 2006 must be by... Or need help searching within the AWA and its amendments their pets suffer since its original in. Example: 1 share sensitive information only on official, secure websites market of animal.! After it was enacted only on official, secure websites most efficient way goes against animal. And certification programs page to learn more laboratory experiment animals are not designed be! Regulatory compliance with Standards and Holding Period Williams was arrested for the Ethical treatment of animals, the overall will! Personnel when inspecting USDA licensed and registered facilities attending veterinarian, and the States! May 2022 ) of the work written by professional essay writers the Ethical treatment of animals or PETA recorded the! Humans, even if this is at the expense of non-human animals major economic repercussions instructions... Advising and educating owners before their pets suffer preventing animals suffering this means enforcement and.

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