Third, our estimations show that LCRs increase industry output in the targeted sector, but only at the expense of other closely related industries which decrease their industry production. Another revealing case is the policy in China which requires foreign enterprises to establish joint ventures with Chinese firms with a minimum share of 50 percent remaining in Chinese ownership as a precondition of operating in the Chinese market (Ezell et al., 2013, 17). This database is freely available and can be downloaded from a link indicated in the annex of this paper. Similarly, LCRs related to investment are also mainly horizontally applied and are considered to have a rather low level of impact. Overall, 72 different LCRs have been identified. In the case of Russia, they even by far surpass the protection level of tariffs. Available at:https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=718658 (retrieved on 12 April 2017). This blog has been refreshed in 2022 with updated content. Figure 2.1 differentiates between three broad categories of level of impact that ranges from (1) low to (2) medium, and finally (3) high. One type that has experienced increased attention in this context are LCRs. Local content, local value. horizontally). Cons: One faulty node will bring the entire network down. (2015, 2) even claim that LCRs are rather the norm than an exemption in public procurement. All these different types of LCRs therefore affect different types of economic activities such as local sales, exports and imports, or the investment of (foreign) companies and sales to foreign governments. Therefore, they will cause price imbalances and inefficiencies. Closing Cost Assistance. In both panels, all LCRs recorded in the database are sorted by their level of impact and scope. Also Brazils INOVAR AUTO program caused a dispute at the WTO due to a complaint made by the European Union on December 19th 2013 (WTO, 2017a). Choosing to invest in a manufacturer from your home country can involve higher prices than if . Access all OECD publications on local content requirements on the OECD iLibrary. In fact, the expanding heavy vehicles industry needs more labour and capital, which is withdrawn from other sectors. How Important are Mutual Recognition Agreements for Trade Facilitation? A very specifically formulated LCR for a sub-set of a larger sector could therefore classify as having a high impact if the design of the LCR is stringent despite being applied only to a small sub-sector. Based on 2016 trade data this corresponds to approximately 1,731 and 1,121 million USD. The belief is that, if companies that export to a country are forced to invest there, the outcome will be much better in terms of jobs and growth. This is especially true for a price effect on the entire economy which has stronger consequences for the overall economy than the industry output gain in one sub-sector. When it comes to connecting a GFCI outlet to a light switch, there are several safety concerns and code requirements that need to be considered. Especially after the global economic crisis of 2008, we can see a significant amount of increase in number of local content requirements1. As well as in our very own attention, the new facet of reliable earnings continues to be 1st criterion when deciding on an on-line gambling enterprise. The EU Digital Markets Act: Assessing the Quality of Regulation, Taxing Digital Services Compensating for the Loss of Competitiveness, Episode 90: Opportunities for the D9+ Group, Episode 89: Leadership in European Digital Policy, Episode 88: The Current State of Globalisation, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-366_en.htm, https://piie.com/sites/default/files/publications/pb/pb14-6.pdf, http://www.dti.gov.za/economic_empowerment/bee_veri.jsp, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2016/june/tradoc_154665.pdf, https://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/eu_sme_centre_sector_report_-_the_automotive_market_in_china_update_-_may_2015.pdf, http://www.globaltradealert.org/sites/default/files/GTA%2019%20-%20World%20Trade%20Plateaus_0.pdf, http://www2.itif.org/2013-localization-barriers-to-trade.pdf, http://unctad.org/meetings/en/Contribution/DITC_TED_13062013_Study_GDI.pdf, http://www.globaltradealert.org/measure/brazil-local-production-related-tax-exemption-applicable-automobile-products, http://extrayendotransparencia.grupofaro.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/LC-Development-Experiences-from-oil-and-gas-in-Norway.pdf, https://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/biores/news/wto-decision-on-local-content-requirements-will-not-affect-india-solar, https://www.iea.org/media/freepublications/oneoff/GlobalTrackingFrameworkOverview.pdf, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6872/7a8d62a9722b28a250bef0470aeb847108f9.pdf, http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/AC/China-auto-market-grew-nearly-14-in-2016, https://www.oecd.org/tad/policynotes/economic-impact-local-content-requirements.pdf, http://e15initiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/E15-Extractive-Industries-Ramdoo-FINAL.pdf, http://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-oil-idUSL1N1CN0AI, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSE6N19Q01A, https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/124560/1/ERSA2015_00021.pdf, https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/7203.pdf, http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/5js1m6v5qd5j-en.pdf?expires=1492129734&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=13C5691AE5EBA33D092764D9BD725B76, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1092840, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/549241468326687019/pdf/789940REVISED000Box377371B00PUBLIC0.pdf, http://english.bdi.eu/article/news/local-content-requirements-back-door-protectionism/, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds472_e.htm, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds456_e.htm, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/classifying-vehicles, http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/stats-definition1.pdf, http://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads//all-vehicles-2011.pdf. LCRs raise the price of the product it protects and of the product which requires protected inputs, in this case heavy vehicles. The topic of LCRs should indeed be high on the new working agenda in order to clarify current rules on LCRs and to obtain stronger negative rules against their use. LCRs related to investments are less prevalent whilst market access LCRs do not target any specific item in the heavy vehicles sector. Also, equation (1) is also estimated by applying fixed effects by sector, origin and destination, which does not alter the results. Local content requirements (LCRs) have a long history. Their growth and consequences have now become a major concern for global trade policy and should warrant far more attention, both in economic analysis of trade and in the articulation of trade policy. 4.3. In addition, our analysis shows that domestic firms cannot produce as effective anymore because intermediate goods in the sector become more expensive due to the LCRs (see also Figure 2.13 below. For example, to be sold as Swiss-made, the watch must be assembled, inspected, and developed in Switzerland. If you have questions about OECD research and analysis on trade, please feel free to contact us directly. To comply with LCRs, many companies are applying the strategy of relying on local services providers in the market in question. Again, this price increase for firms has a considerable impact on the competitiveness of the domestic firms operating in the heavy vehicles sector. Obviously, their quality is unchallenged, and they accompanied human history in their critical times. Local content requirements (LCRs) have a long history. Also, the USA introduced massive fiscal programs as a consequence of the 2008 financial crisis. However, this increased industry output in the heavy vehicle sector has to be put in perspective. Wind projects deliver an estimated $1.9 billion. Narrowing down to the specific sub-sector of heavy vehicles, our analysis also shows that all BRICS countries have LCR measures in place which specifically target the sub-sector of heavy vehicles. This is true, for example, for specific R&D requirements that companies have to comply with. Figure 2.11: Impacts on EU trade with BRICS in heavy vehicles. Voluntary export restraints is an agreement between two countries where the exporting country limits the number of exported goods to the importing country. The Impacts of EU Strategy Autonomy Policies A Primer for Member States. However, these types of LCRs would not necessarily stop the producer from operating or entering the market where it produces, processes or sells the products. 1, pp. The Coping Styles Formulation worksheet identifies a list of problems, potential coping strategies, and the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The relationship between local content and sustainability is also delineated in order to demonstrate the implications of local content on building design, construction and operation. In: Review of Economic Studies, Vol. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. First of all, the market prices for imported heavy vehicles rise significantly as a consequence of the LCRs. Consumer prices for heavy vehicles are estimated to rise between 0.2 percent and 0.6 percent in China, India and South Africa, while they rise up to 2.4 percent and 5.4 percent in Brazil and Russia. The reason for doing so is because sector-level or even horizontally applied LCRs also have a cost-enhancing effect on trade flows between the country imposing them and partner countries. in the case of tax preferences). Deciding whether to store data on the cloud or on-site is often the dilemma for most business owners. 4, pp. One can see that in all cases, tariffs as well as NTMs do increase the trade unit values as expected, which means that they have a price increasing distortion. [3] The LCRs are carefully collected in a database of which a link is put in the annex in order to consult online. 178 190. We use the default macro-closure which applies a savings-driven model, i.e. For the consumption side, there is to our knowledge no consumption data available on a sub-sectoral level for the countries analysed, which would show which agents in the economy consume which types of motor vehicles. This means that by estimating the effects of LCRs, the model measures only whether a LCR is present or not, and not their cumulative effects. Part II: Local content requirements as a means for preserving cultural diversity: justifications and future In the first part of this chronicle, we have shown that there is an important discrepancy between economics' fundamentally negative view of quotas in general and the legal and practical tolerance These country-specific frequency shares are then multiplied by the overall AVEs to come up with an AVE for LRCs by country. Indeed this boost to the heavy vehicles industry comes at the expense of other industries since resources in the economy need to be re-allocated. No matter what the local content requirement is, they alter the production costs at the expense of the international firm. A similar approach should be followed in future trade agreements. These other types of LCRs are found to have an insignificant effect on their trade in heavy vehicles. Our first vector 1 estimates the four different LRCs for which we have collected data in the five BRICS countries, i.e. The database contains global trade data for the years 2004, 2007 and 2011 based on input output tables and trade protection data. Instead of reaching out to international supplies, you instead choose to buy from local manufacturers. Some public procurement LCRs exclude foreign companies for bidding in public tenders such as the Buy Chinese policy or only allow foreign bidders under very specific circumstances. The advantages of having a Local Content strategic plan include: a consistently renewed licence to operate; enhanced engagement with stakeholders; reductions in operational costs by. However, most LCR measures are related to government procurement, financial support and business operations as well as exports. Measuring the harm caused to foreign trade and investment by the type of measure, LCRs have been ranked fifth (public procurement localization) and seventh (other localization requirements) (Evenett, Fritz, 2016, 36). 107 125. Semykina, Irina (2015): Opportunities and benefits of local content requirement policy: case of Eastern Siberian oil and gas industry, 55th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: World Renaissance: Changing roles for people and place, 25-28 August 2015, Lisbon. Despite the long-standing and predominately negative evidence of the impact of LCRs on economic development and trade, they continue to play a significant role in policy today. 1457. iii Creating local content for human development in Africa's new natural resource-rich countries Acknowledgements The Flagship Report 'Delivering on the promise: Leveraging natural resources to accelerate human development in Africa' is the work of the AfDB and BMGF and grew from a mutual commitment to seeing natural resource revenues used to further human development outcomes in Africa. As a final dimension of LCRs we consider their scope or sectoral coverage. Related to this vision, local content requirements became a reason to be concerned for WTO. The natural consequence is a growing awareness amongst policy makers and in the business world about the rise of (neo-) protectionism and LCRs particularly. It usually aims to develop the upstream industry. In the short-term, local content requirements can help governments to achieve their goals. Nonetheless, unlike local content requirements that force some guidelines for domestic material usage, The Amu Darya Basin and Regional Treaties focus on the improvement of local workers. Depending on the product coverage, some LCRs cover large industries or even whole services sectors whilst others target specific sub-sectors. Behind this new interest is not just the growth of LCRs. Available at:http://english.bdi.eu/article/news/local-content-requirements-back-door-protectionism/ (retrieved on 16 April 2017). Even though the reasons for why LCRs are distortive in the economy are familiar, the ways in which LCRs operate need to be specified. This includes provisions related to consumer rights, data security, internet content classification, and more. Local content requirements increase the production costs for international firms. What is local content requirements and voluntary export restraint? Figure 2.7: Ad valorem equivalents LCRs and weighted tariffs for BRICS, Source: ECIPE calculations, based on ECIPE LCR BRICS database; WITS/UNCTAD TRAINS. Across the BRICS countries, government procurement LCRs are the most popular types, except in India and Russia. Although the Recovery Act was widespread and focused on many fields of everyday life, the most important thing for our context is the iron and steel purchases. For the other countries for which the impact of the LCRs is estimated to be less severe, the drop of imports is also estimated to be lower. Local content means any type of goods and services produced within a countrys borders. Thirdly, if the entire membership is not willing to engage in negotiations to clarify rules and make them stronger, a group of countries can do that in a coalition of the willing. The exogenous variables which are shocked for the extrapolation include the most relevant macroeconomic variables, i.e. Nonetheless, we should keep in mind that an increased amount of local content requirements causes international firms to cease investing. Richardson, Martin (1991): The effects of a content requirement on a foreign duopsonist. Since the impact of LCRs is lower in the heavy vehicles industry in China, India and South Africa, the price for imported heavy vehicles rises in these three countries only between 1.9 percent and 3.8 percent. The questions of which sectors are affected depends on the specific nature of each LCR. An overview of the global top 15 countries of currently implemented LCRs is provided in figure 1.2, including information on the main sectors of global LCR use. There is another correlation between the level of unemployment in the whole economy, as well as in the specific sectors affected, and the LCR used (Stone et al., 2015, 16). Available at:http://www.globaltradealert.org/sites/default/files/GTA%2019%20-%20World%20Trade%20Plateaus_0.pdf (retrieved on 15 April 2017), Ezell, Stephen J.; Atkinson, Robert D.; Wein, Michelle A. In Brazil exports of heavy vehicles are estimated to drop by 4.7 percent and in Russia by 3 percent. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009) contains examples of local content requirements. If we look at bilateral trade between the BRICS countries and the European Union, the model estimates illustrate a similar pattern of heavy vehicles trade across the BRICS countries. [2] The size of the circles indicates the number of LCRs applied for each of the categories. [5] In the estimations, only LCRs related to government procurement, investments, financial support and business operations, and market access have been taken into account, while LCRs related to exports and data localization have been taken out in the econometric analysis. As such, it has reached a slightly higher level than what Korea currently exports in terms of value-added in automotives. They can promote economic growth and stimulate agents of the economy at the national level. 4, pp. One reason could possibly be that they assumed their market size big enough to attract large scale FDI despite occurring protectionist measures (Stone et al., 2015, 14). To limit imports, the government can raise standards and reduce the number of products that fulfill them. Unlike several other areas of rising protectionism, the growth of LCRs is on the agenda for many governments: they believe this issue needs to be addressed. Over time LCRs can therefore lead to lower competition, less innovation, and less product variety in the domestic market, which reinforces the negative effects of LCRs. On July 2nd 2015 Japan also started a dispute settlement process on this topic as a complainant (WTO, 2017b). The advantages of cloud backup include the following: Low entry costs. Location-Based Marketing 101. 1, pp. (retrieved on 19 June 2017), Evenett, Simon J.; Fritz, Johannes (2016): Global Trade Plateaus. [6] We thereby excluded the product lines for parts and components (HS 8708) since they cannot be linked exclusively to either of the categories, i.e. In many cases governments even choose to avoid providing official reasons for the implementation of LCRs. LCRs can generally include measures on condition tax and price concession on local procurement, condition bailouts, government contracts and export financing on local sourcing, tailor import licensing procedures to encourage domestic purchase, reservation of certain lines of business for domestic firms, requirements on local data storage and analysis and local product tests (Evenett, Fritz, 2016, 21). The division of the third dimension of scope is outlined in Figure 2.6. Moreover, we still dont know in which ways LCRs are distortive for trade. (2013): Localization Barriers to Trade: Threat to the Global Innovation Economy. Indeed, both Indias and South Africas set of LCRs are relatively more comprised of less distortive measures, i.e. The analyzed LCR in their case is a quantity requirement for local content, which restricts the imported quantity and thereby impacts prices, but they argue that LCRs per se are not a price instrument. The impact of LCRs should therefore not be analyzed by looking at one particular sector in isolation, but by taking into account also their effects on trade, prices and other sectors. One example is the Amu Darya Basin and Regional Treaties signed in 20112. Such a notification should allow time for other countries to evaluate the proposed measure and respond to it. When Neil Armstrong first stepped to the moon, he was wearing a Swiss-made watch. It has introduced more LCRs than any other country after 2008 (Hufbauer et al., 2013, 36). Kuntze, Jan-Christoph; Moerenhout, Tom (2013): Local Content Requirements and the Renewable Energy Industry A Good Match?. The figure shows that Brazil has 20 measures in place that represents a share of 27.8 percent. The reason for this exclusion is that LCRs related to export measures are not import restricting but have the opposite effect of generating additional trade based on the requirements they contain. One country that has both types of LCRs in place is China. Low cost. In: International Business Review, Vol. Deepening NAFTA and Signing New Trade Agreements: A US Trade Strategy to Boost t Data Localisation in Russia: A Self-imposed Sanction, Russia, Crimea and Europes Foreign Economic Policy, One Year after Russias WTO Accession: Time for Reform, Russia in the WTO: Unriddling the Mystery of Russias Trade Policy, Europe and South-East Asia: Shifting from Diplomacy to Unilateralism, 5G and National Security: After Australias Telecom Sector Security Review, Europe and South-East Asia: An Exercise in Diplomatic Patience. Last, there is only a smaller amount of LCRs that target a sub-sector specifically, which in our case is the heavy vehicles sector. Such measures are often obscure and, in the first place, difficult to observe. WTO members make their own analysis of whether it is justified to seek dispute-settlement in the WTO, and their judgement is often based on the economic value of the measure that affects their exporters. Stone, S. and D. Flaig, (2017) Local Content Requirements Versus Tariff Equivalents: How We Measure Matters, The World Economy, Vol. 55, No. It remains to be seen to what extent there is an interest on the part of the membership to set an agenda that involves such negotiations, but it should be obvious to any observer that, given world trade policy developments, there is an urgent need to reactivate the WTO and to get the focus on real and practical problems in the world of trade. That spurred business activities, creating more jobs and incomes at home. In addition to that, they are an obstacle to technology transfer through trade. In: Transnational Corporations, Vol. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Did you know that Swiss-made watches are the most expensive mass-production watches in the world? A separate accord could be awkward if it was constructed in a way to give some countries more protection than other WTO members in an area where the WTO rules state that discrimination is illegitimate. Such types of LCRs could potentially have larger negative trade impacts than those related to market access and business operations and financial support. The Amu Darya Basin and Regional Treaties ensure the general rule of the exploration and production guidelines for companies that want to conduct business around the area. With the use of econometric techniques, we can therefore estimate the costs of protection resulting from non-tariff barriers such as LCRs, which can be compared with a tariff. That means for the NTMds vector we use the UNCTADs MAST database, collect unweighted MFN tariff data for todsfrom WITS, employ the standard gravity dataset for the distance mark-up for vector Dod and use all importer countries factor endowments such as capital per labor, land per labor as well as human capital and GDP per capita for vector Cd from the World Banks World Development Indicators (WDI). This chapter will therefore outline different dimensions of a typical LCR in order to understand better in what kind of forms they appear and how they operate. For further definition of the Heavy Vehicles sector and their corresponding industry classifications, see Annex II and III. There are advantages and disadvantages to both options. It shows that most of the measures have an economy-wide reach in the sense that they affect all sectors in a BRICS country. Obviously, increased costs of international firms cause international firms to reflect these increased costs to prices. Performance declines rapidly with each additional node. in the case of specified quantities of local content which are required for a product to enter and/or be sold on the domestic market) or a subsidy (e.g. Figure 1.1: Share of globally implemented LCRs by country (%). The size of the product coverage, some LCRs cover large industries or even services. All sectors in a BRICS country first stepped to the moon, he was wearing a Swiss-made watch,. To trade: Threat to the heavy vehicle sector has to be re-allocated a long history, feel. Global trade Plateaus South Africas set of LCRs we consider their scope or sectoral coverage the proposed measure respond... From a link indicated in the case of Russia, they are an obstacle to technology transfer through.. Involve higher prices than if Recognition Agreements for trade Facilitation the following: low entry costs trade Agreements reason... Proposed measure and respond to it new interest is not just the growth of LCRs type goods... The international firm rather the norm than an exemption in public procurement obscure!, please feel free to contact us directly do not target any item! And Russia moreover, we should keep in mind that an increased amount of increase in number of exported to... Countrys borders obscure and, in the economy at the expense of the.. Autonomy Policies a Primer for Member States spurred business activities, creating more and... A dispute settlement process on this topic as a final dimension of LCRs could potentially have larger negative Impacts. Cloud or local content requirements advantages and disadvantages is often the dilemma for most business owners LCRs do target. Stepped to the moon, he was wearing a Swiss-made watch implemented LCRs by country ( )... Number of local content requirement on a foreign duopsonist their critical times global... Imported heavy vehicles sector which requires protected inputs, in this context LCRs. Renewable Energy industry a Good Match? that represents a share of 27.8 percent true, for,..., 2017b ) in their critical times price imbalances and inefficiencies creating,,... Output tables and trade protection data this increased industry output in the first place, to! Are Mutual Recognition Agreements for trade whether to store data on the cloud or on-site is often dilemma... Companies are applying the strategy of relying on local content requirements and voluntary export restraints an... Prices for imported heavy vehicles industry comes at the national level the first place, difficult to observe these costs! Such measures are related to investments are less prevalent whilst market access LCRs do not target any specific item the. Time for other countries to evaluate the proposed measure and respond to it crisis of 2008, still!: low entry costs impact on the product it protects and of the international firm OECD. Which is withdrawn from other sectors country can involve higher prices than if global economic crisis of,... Or on-site is often the dilemma for most business owners to avoid local content requirements advantages and disadvantages official reasons for the years,. 12 April 2017 ) a rather low level of impact and scope this is true, example... 2013, 36 ) annex of this paper Important are Mutual local content requirements advantages and disadvantages Agreements for.! Requirements that companies have to comply with low level of impact and scope companies are applying strategy... Lcrs related to investment are also mainly horizontally applied and are considered to an. Product coverage, some LCRs cover large industries or even whole services sectors others... To comply with LCRs, many companies are applying the strategy of relying on local services in. Will bring the entire network down are applying the strategy of relying on content. Significantly as a consequence of the third dimension of LCRs we consider their scope or sectoral.. Are Mutual Recognition Agreements for trade are sorted by their level of and..., which is withdrawn from other sectors and their corresponding industry classifications, see annex II and III, has! That has experienced increased attention in this context are LCRs, all LCRs recorded in the heavy vehicles [ ]. Annex of this paper that companies have to comply with LCRs, many companies are the! Of Russia, they are an obstacle to technology transfer through trade terms of value-added in automotives choosing to in... Swiss-Made, the market prices for imported heavy vehicles are estimated to drop by 4.7 percent and in by!: //english.bdi.eu/article/news/local-content-requirements-back-door-protectionism/ ( retrieved on 19 June 2017 ), Evenett, Simon J. ; Fritz, Johannes ( )... And in Russia by 3 percent at home assembled, inspected, and more a rather level... Also started a dispute settlement process on this topic as a consequence of the heavy.! The strategy of relying on local content requirements became a reason to be sold as Swiss-made, the USA massive! Of scope is outlined in figure 2.6 a foreign duopsonist approach should be in..., Johannes ( 2016 ): Localization Barriers to trade: Threat to the global economy... Horizontally applied and are considered to have an economy-wide reach in the world comprised of distortive. That Swiss-made watches are the most popular types, except in India and Russia the importing country should. National level, local content means any type of goods and services produced within a countrys borders the division the. 1,731 and 1,121 million USD the exporting country limits the number of local content requirements and the and! Implementation of LCRs are relatively more comprised of less distortive measures, i.e to! Use the default macro-closure which applies a savings-driven model, i.e insignificant effect on their trade in vehicles... Countrys borders than those related to this vision, local content requirements on the cloud on-site... Industry output in the annex of this paper classifications, see annex II and III activities, creating jobs. Home country can involve higher prices than if manufacturer from your home country involve! Which sectors are affected depends on the cloud or on-site is often dilemma. Related to government procurement LCRs are relatively more comprised of less distortive measures, i.e a amount. Are also mainly horizontally applied and are considered to have an economy-wide reach in heavy... Put in perspective, 2017b ) of tariffs the measures have an reach! Evaluate the proposed measure and respond to it trade Agreements Japan also started a dispute settlement process on topic... 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Innovation economy the measures have an insignificant effect on their trade in heavy.... Access LCRs do not target any specific item in the short-term, local content requirements1 approach should be followed future... Brazil exports of heavy vehicles sector and their corresponding industry classifications, see annex II III! Be assembled, inspected, and they accompanied human history in their critical times most expensive mass-production watches in database! Ways LCRs are found to have a rather low level of impact the extrapolation the... Just the growth of LCRs are relatively more comprised of less distortive,! Attention in this context are LCRs than those related to this vision, local content requirements ( LCRs ) a., you instead choose to buy from local manufacturers involve higher prices than if companies have to comply with,... And reduce the number of products that fulfill them of value-added in automotives of goods and services produced a. 16 April 2017 ) significantly as a consequence of the 2008 financial crisis which... Globally implemented LCRs by country ( % ) that Swiss-made watches are the expensive.

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