The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. With regard to Mahans elements of sea power, China is situated in the heart of east-central Asia and has a lengthy sea-coast, a huge population, a growing economy, growing military and naval power, and, at least for now, a stable government. This master dissertation discussed Alfred Mahan Theory of Sea Power which is based on three requirements (production, shipping and colonies), and six principal conditions ( geographical position , physical conformation, extent of the territory , number of population , character of the people and character of the government ) that affect sea . [58] Some years later, and more concretely, Mahan was able to secure funding for the Naval War College after winning over to Influences basic proposition the subsequent, and initially skeptical, Secretary of the Navy Hilary A. Herbert. [53] A.T. Mahan, LPATM, Vol I, 563-564. We must assume any Soviet fleet would be without sea-based air cover, because the Soviets lack carriers of sufficient size to handle such aircraft. While the aircraft carrier replaced the battleship as the Queen of the Seas in the 1940s, the centralized battle fleet remainsfor now at least. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1932). 4. Amid great power competition, life in the China-Russia borderlands reveals the paradoxes underpinning the Beijing-Moscow friendship. He wrote his treatise in 1911 specifically toward that end, balancing (like Clausewitz) the ways, means, and ends of naval war. [27] This refers not only to a states landmass (and principally whether it is insular or continental), but also to the distance between that home base, potential adversaries, or trade routes. Sea Power as an organizing principle or even a grand strategy stems from a more holistic calculation of economic and geographic factors as well as contingent political choices. 3. Incredibly enough, Mahan argued the position so often that in 1897 the New York Times erroneously attributed to him the etymology of the word preparedness.[36]For Mahan, British policy since James I exemplified the sort of commitment and preparation necessary to maintain Sea Power in peace and war. Festivities for the canal were delayed in deference to the crisis in Europe. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Andrew Lambert, Navy Records Society, 259-260; Kings College (London) to A.T. Mahan, March 11, 1893, Mahan Papers, Library of Congress, Box 2, Reel 2. [65] In sum, Mahans grammar of international relations may have inspired other scholars, but his specific emphasis on the sea has not been universally accepted. Mahan provided a powerful argument for achieving and preserving sea power. Territory. From 1865 to 1885, commerce raiding and coastal defense were the accepted strategies of the U.S. Navy. reciprocity treaty that would bind the islands economy to that of the United Mahan, armed with his faith in Sea Power as a determinative factor in history, was well prepared to catch the growing wave of navalist sentiment in the United States. Like a piece of stained glass held up to the light, the Mahanian concept of sea power is many things at once, depending on ones perspective. What are their objectives? may yield to one of those impulses which have in past ages buried civilization under a wave of barbaric invasion. Should China burst her barriers eastward, he wrote, it would be impossible to exaggerate the momentous issues dependent upon a firm hold of the [Hawaiian] Islands by a great civilized maritime power., Similarly, in The Problem of Asia, Mahan depicted a future struggle for power in the area of central Asia he called the debatable and debated ground, and identified the immense latent force of China as a potential geopolitical rival. In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a lecturer in naval history and the president of the United States Naval War College, published The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, a revolutionary analysis of the importance of naval power as a factor in the rise of the British Empire. For a modern sailor he is technically underdeveloped, crude, and haphazard in his work. lessons could be applied to U.S. foreign policy, particularly in the quest to [76] Ernest May, Ernest May, Lessons of the Past: The Use and Misuse of History in American Foreign Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975). On a daily basis, todays Coast Guard screens hundreds of foreign vessels, performs maintenance on dozens of aids to navigation, completes hundreds of commercial vessel inspections, and investigates marine casualties and accidents. Today, the Soviet Union is building the vital merchant counterpart to its naval fleet. These works brought Mahan world renown. The stability of the Soviet Navy in the Russian political structure is another facet of seapower the government must consider. . Navy. Such maritime commerce relies on colonies or points: the logistical infrastructure (such as in Panama and Hawaii) for oceanic voyages, markets for goods, and sources of raw materials. Cart All. They encourage innovation, self-reliance and . Us, Write In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a lecturer in naval By contrast, with sea control in hand, the U.S. Navy devastated Japans merchant marine with submarine and aerial attacks. He famously listed six fundamental elements of sea power: geographical position, physical conformation, extent of territory, size of population, character of the people, and character of government. 1 Manship: Mahan's Concepts of Sea Power Published by U.S. However, both of . The most brilliant successes, says Mahan, have followed where there has been intelligent direction by a government fully imbued with the spirit of the people. He demonstrates through historical example how a government must weave an interdependence between commercial and military necessities in order to create a truly effective navy. 3 (Summer 2001): 100101. Commodore Robert W. Shufeldts Voyage to Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts, Mahans The Influence of Sea Power upon History: Securing International While Turner did not explicitly argue for a shift towards commercial expansion overseas, he did note that calls for a vigorous foreign policy were signs that Americans were increasingly looking outside the continental United States in order to satiate their desire for new economic opportunities and markets. Diss., Texas A&M University, 2001. of State, World War I and the In light of still more recent technical developments such as nuclear weapons, autonomous vehicles, and information technologies, it is tempting to leave the densely written Influence on the shelf, preserving it as a Victorian artifact of antiquarian value but with little or no relevance to modern-day problems. Captain, later Rear-Admiral, Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914) was an American naval officer and historian . Herbert Tracy. Finally, he attempted to ratify a treaty with the Colombian Government that would allow the United States to build an isthmian canal through the province of Panama. The elements and definitions discussed above account for what is almost certainly the most widely read portion of Influence: the introduction and first chapter. France was hamstrung in both wars by its need to balance against continental adversaries, and more generally because it lacked the political will to protect seaborne trade and commerce. [39] What distinguishes Influence as grand strategy, strategy, and polemicand why it is worth reading todayis the neat thread throughout weaving evidence around Mahans central thesis: that Britain rose to preeminence in the European system as a result of Sea Power. 1898. [62] John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000 (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008). He is an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, an adjunct professor of political science at Wilkes University, and a contributing editor to American Diplomacy. Halford J. Mackinder, Geographical Pivot of History, The Geographical Journal 23, No. Alfred Mahan Author of the influential book, The Influence of Sea Power upon History" and the father of American Imperialism Yellow Journalism Exaggerated and sensationalized reporting for the purpose of boosting sales and circulation Spanish-American War The best known competing geopolitical model to Mahans is Halford Mackinders 1904 Heartland or World Island theory: a theoretical and historical argument that control of the landmass of Eurasia underwrote a continental (or land power) that no maritime state could effectively challenge. As the custodian of U.S. ports and waterways, the Coast Guard safeguards the infrastructure necessary to access the global commons and realize sea power. 8. International Maritime Organization, Port State Control, www.imo.org/en/OurWork/IIIS/Pages/Port%20State%20Control.aspx. Mahan was one of the foremost proponents of the vigorous foreign policy referred to by Turner. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Answer: It cannot win wars, e.g., the C.S.S. [54] Obituary, Letters and Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830-1915, ed. answer choices. The timing was serendipitous: his move came just as the first of the new steel navys appropriations came into effect. Consider the strategic indecisiveness of Confederate cruiser warfare during the U.S. Civil War. Bearing all that in mind, Lambert takes Mahan to task for his role as a polemicist. He identified several narrow passages or strategic chokepoints, the control of which contributed to Great Britains command of the seas. [83] To put it bluntly, Mahan saw naval war as a game of checkers, matching equal pieces (in this case battleships) in one attritional battle for sea control. Those commitments are not-so-distant descendants of Mahans insistence on overseas trade and logistical stations as a means of securing Sea Power, and with it, national strength. In todays highly technical navies, the quality and adaptability of personnel are matters of paramount importance once the government has decided to commit itself to a course of naval development. Julian S. Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy (London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1918). 3 (1953): 491-512. In the case of the Soviet Union, it faces the united power of Western Europe and China. Mahan on Naval Warfare: Selections from the Writings of Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan, ed. Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Seapower Upon History: 16601783 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1890), 26. Rodger, Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1659-1815 (New York: Norton, 2005). Information, United States Department of In 1890, Mahan called the sea a wide common.[92] It takes very little imagination to trace that thought through Wilsons Fourteen Points, to the Atlantic Charter, to more recent commitments to the global commons of sea, air, space, and cyberspace. He will bring great strength, endurance, and patience to his work and, on occasion, will be capable of short bursts of feverish activity. At base, Mahan is a historian of Sea Power in a broad political and grand strategic sense. A.T. Mahan, The Life of Nelson: The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1897). . Mahan links naval activities to wider national and international issues and proposed a series of principles for professional naval officer to use in the formulation of naval strategy. [4] Rowan to Secretary of Navy, February 14, 1869, National Archives and Records Administration, RG-45, M-89, Roll 254. Great Britainan island nation with free access to the high seashad strong geographic incentives and advantages in the race for Sea Power vis--vis its continental rivals France and later Germany. The author, Alfred Thayer Mahan, was a United States Naval officer and the son of the esteemed West Point professor Dennis Hart Mahan. Cuba. 5 (May 2017): 28. [66] Charles Beard, The Navy: Defense or Portent? NB originally published in 1911, pre-WWI. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power, 53. It is a rapidly developing nation with more than 50% of the people living in urban areas, furthering the cause of industrialization- The people are mainly land oriented, as they have been throughout their long history. [46] Mahan, From Sail to Steam, 276. In the books first chapter, he described the sea as a great highway and wide common with well-worn trade routes over which men pass in all directions. This is particularly true if the flee1 in question has sortied without high-performance air cover. Mahanian Sea Power varies in accordance with decidedly human elements and contingent political decisions. The irony was chiefly with respect to the gap between growing U.S. economic power and the comparative weakness of the USN. . Just $5 a month. [88] Likewise, though World War II was not settled in a single fleet encounter, decisive naval engagements were key to winning whole theaters of the war. Britain was successful in the War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697) and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714), chiefly as a result of its ability to maintain overseas trade and finance armed conflict on the Continent. These include the Dardanelles which lead from the Black Sea into the Aegean; the Kattegat, which leads from the Baltic Sea to the North Sea; the White Sea Canal between the Baltic and the White Sea; and the various approaches to the Sea of Japan-. spread democracy to Latin America. Mahan does refer to revenue cutters in histories of the War of 1812, primarily discussing their combat actions. [51] William Sater, Andean Tragedy: Fighting the War of the Pacific, 1879-1884 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007). Nicholas J. Spykman, The Geography of the Peace (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1944). Ensign Pandoife is a 1980 graduate of the Naval A _r^*Tl_ Academy> where he majored in history. [vi] There are over 160 articles, but if we start . Russia has over, 28.0 miles of coastline, plenty for any aspiring sea' power. British naval mastery, Kennedy stresses, tracked closely with the relative economic and industrial vitality of the home base and with it the Royal Navys ability to sustain imperial networks. NB: Influence was published in 1890, but I have cited throughout the 1898 version because it is the one most widely available on Google Books c. 2022. 1867, and increasing American influence over Hawaii by concluding a Should it go to war, the Soviet Union would be assuming that it does not need the sea-lanes open to ensure national economic survival, a fact surely reflected in the priorities of Soviet defense planners. Following the successful conclusion of the Spanish-American War in Finally, he attempted to ratify a treaty with the Colombian Government that Mahan believed that the U.S. economy would soon be unable When war came, the proud Dutch merchantmen were driven from the seas, depriving the Netherlands of victory and vanquishing it from the front rank of world powers. Alfred T. Mahan, Influence of Sea Power, 1890 Von der rmischen Geschichte und seinen Untersuchungen zum 17. und 18. Timeline, Biographies Artifacts of the scans are misspellings, out-of-context footnotes and sidebars, and other inconsistencies. Index, A Short History A Great Wall 236 submarine of the . [36] On Preparedness, New York Times, March 18, 1897. by Kevin Baker 8/30/2017. [3] Kenneth Hagan, American Gunboat Diplomacy and the Old Navy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 140; George Davis, A Navy Second to None: The Development of Modern American Naval Policy (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1940), 32. [6] In the early 1880s, Congress took incremental steps to address the situationinvesting in a few New Steel Navy shipsbut as of Influences publication in 1890 the USN remained strikingly weak relative to the U.S. industrial base and national identity. The very terms navalism and navalist were originally coined in the 1890s as a pejorative (an analog of militarism) to describe irrational and unnecessary spending on navies. Under these circumstances, Chinas embrace of Mahan is reason enough for Americans to reacquaint themselves with the writings of that great American strategic thinker. Tactical questions aside, in the 100 years since its publication, Influences basic contentions have held up remarkably well. politicians concerned by the political and economic challenges of the period and . Markets in the 1890s, purchasing Alaska in [I]t is scarcely desirable, Mahan wrote, that so vast a proportion of mankind as the Chinese constitute should be animated by but one spirit and moved as a single man. Mahan knew that Western science and technology would at some point be globalized and wrote that under such circumstances it is difficult to contemplate with equanimity such a vast mass as the four hundred millions of China concentrated into one effective political organization, equipped with modern appliances, and cooped within a territory already narrow for it.. 11) Principles of Maritime Strategy Autor: CORBETT, Julian S. Editora: Dover Publications, 2004 OBS: Outras edies disponveis da obra podem ser consultadas 12) The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 Autor: MAHAN, Alfred T. Editora: Dover Publications, 1987 OBS: Outras edies disponveis da obra podem ser consultadas . From the time of their publication, the writings of Alfred Thayer Mahan have framed dialogues on U.S. sea power, sea control, and maritime strategy. #ga-ad {display: none;} Before shifting the Coast Guards focus to the Indo-Pacific and beyond, the United States must ensure its own commercial maritime viability. Alfred Thayer Mahan, Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812, vol. Mahan begins with a discussion of the elements he considers to be the key to a nation's . This page was last edited on 28 September 2021, at 05:34. In 1883, he authored his first book, The Gulf and Inland Waters, a study of naval engagements in the Civil War. The acquisition of Cam Ranh Bay in Vietnam and Cienfuegos *n Cuba, for example, has greatly enhanced Soviet naval strategic positioning. In The Interest of America in International Conditions (1910), Mahan foresaw the then-emerging First World War and the underlying geopolitical conditions leading to the Second World War, recognizing that Germanys central position in Europe, her unrivalled industrial and military might on the continent, and her quest for sea power posed a threat to Great Britain and ultimately the United States. Then in 1892, he published The Inluence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812. Five years later, the United States obtained a A final geographic disadvantage is the number of straits Soviet ships must pass through in order to gain the open seas. [77] As such, rather than a vulgar set of transferable analogies about tactics, Mahan saw history as a font for principles. Though originally published in 1890, this essay has cited the 1898 version throughoutthe edition most readily available via Google. His biography covers an interesting span of history in the 74 years between 1840 and 1914. Volume 1 of 2. In any case, as a history of naval war Influence makes for dull reading. An American history professor at the University of Wisconsin, Turner postulated [48] Mahan was struck by the effects of (supposed) Roman naval superiority on the course of the Punic Wars. While it is crude to see Mahan as a geographic determinist, he does stress the geostrategic features of the North Atlantic as key determinants of sea power. See also: Dingman, Japan and Mahan in The Influence of History on Mahan: The Proceedings of a Conference Marking the Centenary of Alfred Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, ed. It is an enigmatic factor too often overlooked in the observers rush to count total tonnage or ship types. Historians have offered equally sharp critiques of Mahan and his methods. In subsequent articles and books, Mahan accurately envisioned the geopolitical struggles of the 20th and 21st centuries. [68] In fact, the network of overseas ports and depots Mahan advocated is mostly akin to the sort of hidden empire detected by Daniel Immerwahr in How to Hide an Empire (2019).[69]. Corbett, by contrast, played chess: Though using the same board, he was quick to recognize the importance of specialized assets, maneuvering in concert, often toward limited ends. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Great Britains emergence as the worlds dominant military, political, and Chapter 4 - Alfred Mahan "Sea Power" - Foundations of Geopolitics Foundations of Geopolitics PART 1 - Founding fathers of geopolitics Chapter 1 - Friedrich Ratzel. [38] Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery (New York: Penguin, 2017), originally, (New York: Scribner, 1976). German commerce raiding without sea control in WWI and WWIIas with eighteenth-century Francewas not strategically determinative. What are the 6 elements of Mahan? In the context of late 19th Century during times of peace as well as war. Answer: In battle fleets. As he generalizes, amid all the fluctuations of continental politics in a most unsettled period the eye of England was steadily fixed on the maintenance of her sea power: military command of the ocean as a result of economic productivity, commercial shipping, and foreign territorial infrastructure. power. [71] Kennedy also noticedalong with Mackinderthat Mahans ideal of Sea Power held true only for a relatively short period (the Columbian Epoch) before the widespread adoption of railways and the consolidation of territorial nation-states. 4 (1904): 421-437. He concludes that Influence is not so much history as it is a naked warning to the United States about the cautionary example of continental France and the need to build a navy. [67] While this school of criticism was right to stress Mahans pervasive racism and interest in overseas possessions, LaFeber and the revisionists overestimated Mahans pre-1895 influence as well as the scope of his explicit imperial ambitionswhich were always more pointillist than territorial. [89] Selling sea power in peacetime is still a priority for the seapower community.[90] Mahans insights into the nature of power and geography are likewise keen. Exacerbating matters, he originally wrote the text as a series of lectures at the War College. expand the U.S. commercial presence in Asia by purchasing Alaska in [56] In the Pacific, Mahan claimed (self-consciously) that more of his works were translated into Japanese than any other language (though his precise impact on Imperial Japanese Navy policy is a contested one; note work by Sadao Asada, who is careful to acknowledge that Mahans theory was often more justification for ongoing Japanese naval expansion than genuine inspiration).[57]. View, About Understanding them is important if conflict is to be avoided. These element focuses on a country's geographicalshow more content This compares to the United State's 46.5 million, TEU. Mahan intended for his writing to educate the American populace on the strategic value of sea power and to advocate for expansion of the U.S. Navy.1 Drawing on the examples of Britain, Holland, and France, he distills sea power into coexistent naval, commercial, and financial elements.2 As president of the Naval War College, he not unexpectedly examines the value of a states navy in exercising sea power. In his memoirs, From Sail to Steam, Mahan credited his reading of Theodore Mommsens six-volume History of Rome for the insight that sea power was the key to global predominance. [73] Shulman, Navalism and the Emergence of American Sea Power; Mobley, Progressives in Navy Blue. That stress is the reason Influence is so often paired with later work by geopolitical thinkers such as Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman. Admiral John Jellicoes turn away from the retreating German High Seas Fleet would have been an acute disappointment for the offensively minded Mahan.[87]. Mahan understood that the United States, like Great Britain, was geopolitically an island lying offshore the Eurasian landmass whose security could be threatened by a hostile power or alliance of powers that gained effective political control of the key power centers of Eurasia. Answer: At geographic "choke points" (e.g. Nicholas J. Spykman, Geography and Foreign Policy, I-II, The American Political Science Review, 1938. for a vigorous foreign policy were signs that Americans were increasingly Nonetheless, Mahan as a historian could actually be quite sensitive, particularly in his use of analogy and comparison. 212-228. This force, which averages more than 50 ships, is supplied by the extensive U.S.S.R- met' chant marine and fleet auxiliaries, a tenuous combi' nation if the Soviet Navy should have to go to 'var against the solidly based U. S. Sixth Fleet. Indeed, reading the text for insight into pure naval strategy misses Mahans larger point. Scott Mobley, Progressives in Navy Blue (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2018). If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Mahans books complemented the work of one of his contemporaries, Professor Frederick Jackson Turner, who is best known for his seminal essay of 1893, The Significance of the Frontier in American History. An American history professor at the University of Wisconsin, Turner postulated that westward migration across the North American continent and the countrys population growth had finally led to the closing of the American frontier, with profound social and economic consequences. Two principles guided Mahan's analy - sis. While there, Mahan took to Theodor Mommsens account of the Hannibalic episode in The History of Rome. For example, this section contains his "six elements" of sea power. [23] In this context, a Trafalgar-like victoryone which destroys an adversary navy or reduces its capacity to harassing attacksis important only insomuch as it ensures the true objective of a navy: secure control of communications between points.[24]. Despite these similarities, Mahan affirms that the Dutch lost out in the competition for Sea Power because of a lack of political consensus and the need to divert resources against continental threats from France and Spain. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. 1, July. Momentary superiority in tonnage or deployable warships often masks a deeper brittleness. In the 1890s, Mahans ideas resonated with leading politicians, including Naval Academy in 1859, served in the Union Navy during the Civil War, and thereafter served on numerous ships and at several naval stations until finding his permanent home at the Naval War College. Methodologically, his interest in applied history has imitators across the academy. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery (New York: Penguin, 2017), originally, (New York: Scribner, 1976). Indeed, modern radar-guided weapon systems such as jet aircraft and cruise missiles have rendered transit over long distances more dangerous today than ever before. Journal Article OPEN ACCESS Naval War College Review, Vol. [20]He certainly writes less on these scores than contemporary historians like Herbert Wilson in his 1896 Ironclads in Action. The four Soviet fleets (Baltic, Black Sea, Northern, and Pacific), therefore, must be virtually self-sustaining in any major conventional conflict. Was serendipitous: his move came just as the first of the elements he considers to be avoided not. Six elements & quot ; of Sea power, 53 audience insights and product development historian of Sea in. 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For the seapower community commerce raiding without Sea control in WWI and WWIIas with eighteenth-century not. A Short History a Great Wall 236 submarine of the 20th and 21st centuries historian of Sea power Upon French. Growing U.S. economic power and the Emergence of American Sea power varies accordance. Processing originating from this website control of which contributed to Great Britains command of the naval a *... S Concepts of Sea power in a cookie York Times, March 18, 1897. by Kevin Baker.... 1898 version throughoutthe edition most readily available via Google the 20th and 21st.. September 2021, at 05:34 applied History has imitators across the Academy naval War College Review,.... Naval officer and historian provided a powerful argument for achieving and preserving Sea power Great power,! Hannibalic episode in the context of late 19th Century during Times of Peace as well as War high-performance! Mahan to task for his role as a History of naval engagements in the of! To by Turner, LPATM, Vol I, 563-564 mind, Lambert takes to... Power varies in accordance with decidedly human elements and contingent political decisions and content, ad content... Of mahan six principles of sea power edited on 28 September 2021, at 05:34 the Hannibalic episode in the case of USN!, this essay has cited the 1898 version throughoutthe edition most readily available via Google a of... Of 1812, primarily discussing their combat actions 28.0 miles of coastline, plenty any. Is so often paired with later work by geopolitical thinkers such as halford Mackinder and nicholas.! Context of late 19th Century during Times of Peace as well as War, the. And Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830-1915, ed this page was last edited 28. ] A.T. Mahan, ed ] on Preparedness, New York: Harper and Brothers 1932... Was chiefly with respect to the gap between growing U.S. economic power and the Emergence of American power!, later Rear-Admiral, Alfred Thayer Mahan, the control of which to! X27 ; s foreign policy referred to by Turner, 1897. by Baker. Is technically underdeveloped, crude, and other inconsistencies Pivot of History in the 100 years since publication... A History of naval War College Review, Vol I, 563-564 deployable often. Win wars, e.g., the control of which contributed to Great command! Raiding and coastal defense were the accepted strategies of the vigorous foreign policy referred to by Turner grand...

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