[2] The Christian Pilate literature surrounding the Gospel of Nicodemus includes at least fifteen late antique and early medieval texts, called the "Pilate cycle", written and preserved in various languages and versions and dealing largely with Pontius Pilate. But fear of forfeiting his political power kept Pilate from issuing a just verdict. Attitudes split by region: In texts from the Eastern Roman Empire, Pilate was portrayed as a positive figure. Cartaphilus ( Karutafirusu): is an unknown being that has lived for over 2000 years, eventually being found and later fused with a man named Joseph. As punishment he is sent to the island of Pontius, whose inhabitants he subjugates, thus acquiring the name Pontius Pilate. [73] Helen Bond argues that, the evangelists' portrayals of Pilate have been shaped to a great extent by their own particular theological and apologetic concerns. . . For other uses, see, High and late medieval and renaissance art, Later Christian tradition gives Pilate's wife the names Procula (, Pilate's title as governor, as attested on the Pilate stone, is ", Karen Cokayne, Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome, p.100, Roman Procurator coinage Pontius Pilate, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, https://library.brown.edu/iip/viewinscr/caes0043/, "Notorious Pontius Pilate Is the One Who Built Jerusalem Aqueduct, Study Finds", "Pontius Pilate's Scottish roots 'a joke', "Mystery of the '5,000-year-old' yew of Fortingall", "An Inscribed Copper-Alloy Finger Ring from Herodium Depicting a Krater", "Saint Pilate and the Conversion of Tiberius", "The Invention of Christian Tradition: "Apocrypha," Imperial Policy, and Anti-Jewish Propaganda", "Phrases and Expressions that originated in the Bible", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate&oldid=1142261817, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 12:07. We do not know where Pontius Pilate was born. [5], While he was sitting on the judgment seat, his wife sent him a message, saying, Have nothing to do with that righteous Man; for last night I suffered greatly in a dream because of Him. Matthew 27:19(NASB). [66], In another incident recorded in both the Jewish Wars (2.9.4) and the Antiquities of the Jews (18.3.2), Josephus relates that Pilate offended the Jews by using up the temple treasury (korbanos) to pay for a new aqueduct to Jerusalem. 4. What Happened to Pontius Pilate after Jesus? [233] In Arnoul Grban's fifteenth-century Passion, Pilate instructs the flagellators on how best to whip Jesus. [2] In short, the traditions are in conflict and we do not really know where Pilate was born or his life as a teenager or young adult. [239] In several English plays, Pilate is portrayed speaking French or Latin, the languages of the ruling classes and the law. [132], Positive traditions about Pilate are frequent in Eastern Christianity, particularly in Egypt and Ethiopia, whereas negative traditions predominate in Western and Byzantine Christianity. [192] Images of Pilate are found on new materials such as metal, while he appeared less frequently on ivory, and continues to be a frequent subject of gospel and psalter manuscript illuminations. What happened to Pontius Pilate after Jesus resurrection? [51], Daniel Schwartz takes the note in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 23:12) that Pilate had a difficult relationship with the Galilean Jewish king Herod Antipas as potentially historical. [189] Pilate's iconography as a seated Roman judge derives from depictions of the Roman emperor, causing him to take on various attributes of an emperor or king, including the raised seat and clothing. He is sometimes replaced by Herod, Annas, and Caiaphas in the trial scene. McClintock and Strong. Herod Antipas was the King of Galilee and a vassal to Rome. What sort of a ruler was he generally? What do we know about Pontius Pilate? Gerizim. 10. But the Jews showed so little fear of death, that Pilate relented and removed the standards. [118], E. Stauffer and E. M. Smallwood argued that the coins' use of pagan symbols was deliberately meant to offend the Jews and connected changes in their design to the fall of the powerful Praetorian prefect Sejanus in 31. [26] As one of the attested Pontii, Pontius Aquila (an assassin of Julius Caesar), was a tribune of the plebs, the family must have originally been of plebeian origin. [77] In Ignatius's epistles to the Trallians (9.1) and to the Smyrnaeans (1.2), the author attributes Jesus's persecution under Pilate's governorship. When Herod I died in 4 BCE, Augustus upheld his will and divided the kingdom between three of Herod's surviving sons. In the Gospel of Luke, Pilate find that JesusBeing from Galilee, he belongs to the jurisdiction of Herod Antipas, and decides to send him before him. [29] Although it is therefore likely Pilate served in the military, it is nevertheless not certain. If the tradition is true, she dreamed of the countless recitations and liturgical chants of . Ignatius further dates Jesus's birth, passion, and resurrection during Pilate's governorship in his epistle to the Magnesians (11.1). Home; About us. [99], The church historian Eusebius (Church History 2.7.1), writing in the early fourth century, claims that "tradition relates that" Pilate committed suicide after he was recalled to Rome due to the disgrace he was in. [142] Originally, these texts served both to unburden Pilate of guilt for the death of Jesus as well as to provide more complete records of Jesus's trial. But Pilate brought down with him the seamless tunic of Jesus; and he wore it on him in presence of the emperor. [202] While many images still draw from the Acts of Pilate, the Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine is the primary source for depictions of Pilate from the second half of the thirteenth century onward. Herod the Great, founder of the dynasty, tried to kill the infant Jesus by the "slaughter of the innocents" at Bethlehem. [231] The earliest surviving passion play, the thirteenth-century Ludus de Passione from Klosterneuburg, portrays Pilate as a weak administrator who succumbs to the whims of the Jews in having Christ crucified. 1. [195] Pilate also comes to feature in scenes such as the Flagellation of Christ, where he is not mentioned in the Bible. The (partially reconstructed) inscription is as follows:[106], Vardaman "freely" translates it as follows: "Tiberium [?of the Caesareans?] [173], One important version of the Pilate legend is found in the Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine (12631273 CE), one of the most popular books of the later Middle Ages. Pontius Pilate served as the prefect of Judaea from 26 to 36 A.D. Ararat? What did Pontius Pilate do to Jesus? [32] As Tiberius had retired to the island of Capri in 26, scholars such as E. Stauffer have argued that Pilate may have actually been appointed by the powerful Praetorian Prefect Sejanus, who was executed for treason in 31. Pilate died 39. My name is pronounced "Pilate." It sounds the same as the name of the person who steers the boat or the ship - the pilot. He plays an important role in medieval passion plays, where he is often a more prominent character than Jesus. [263] In the 1927 silent film The King of Kings, Pilate is played by Hungarian-American actor Victor Varconi, who is introduced seated under an enormous 37 feet high Roman eagle, which Christopher McDonough argues symbolizes "not power that he possesses but power that possesses him". The daughter of Pontius Pilate, newly arrived in Judea, meets Judah ben Hillel, a Jewish zealot masquerading as one of Herod's guards. "[268] Bowie's Pilate speaks with a British accent, contrasting with the American accent of Jesus (Willem Dafoe). This document, allegedly derived from Pilate's own records, says that he and his wife became believers in Jesus. Pilate, PONTIUS.After the deposition of the eldest son of Herod, Archelaus (who had succeeded his father as ethnarch), Judea was placed under the rule of a Roman procurator. [81][82] All four gospels also mention that Pilate had the custom of releasing one captive in honor of the Passover festival; this custom is not attested in any other source. 11. For he was a doer of surprising feats a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. 1887, p. 199. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Historical and traditional accounts of the life of Pontius Pilate, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pontius-Pilate, World History Encyclopedia - Pontius Pilate, McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia - Pontius Pilate, Sagrada Famlia: sculpture of Pontius Pilate. [13], Bond argues that Jesus's arrest was made with Pilate's prior knowledge and involvement, based on the presence of a 500-strong Roman cohort among the party that arrests Jesus in John 18:3. Without his protector in power, Pilate made a major error and suppressed a small uprising in Samaria. [205] In the Bible moralise, Pilate is generally depicted as a Jew. [201] Pilate also comes to be frequently depicted as present at the crucifixion, by the fifteenth century being a standard element of crucifixion artwork. He also finds historical the information that their relationship mended following the execution of Jesus. [34] Daniel R. Schwartz and Kenneth Lnnqvist both argue that the traditional dating of the beginning of Pilate's governorship is based on an error in Josephus; Schwartz argues that he was appointed instead in 19, while Lnnqvist argues for 17/18. Eusebius reported that Pontius Pilate committed suicide during the reign of Caius or Emperor Caligula. 28:1-6). [79] It is generally assumed, based on the unanimous testimony of the gospels, that the crime for which Jesus was brought to Pilate and executed was sedition, founded on his claim to be king of the Jews. Did the people who crucified Christ go to hell or the Lake of Fire? The cities of Lyon and Vienne in modern France claim to be Pilate's birthplace: Vienne has a Maison de Pilate, a Prtoire de Pilate and a Tour de Pilate. When a mob formed while Pilate was visiting Jerusalem, Pilate ordered his troops to beat them with clubs; many perished from the blows or from being trampled by horses, and the mob was dispersed. Pilate's times were very different from our own. According to Josephus (Ant, XVIII, iv, 2) Pilate held office in Judea for 10 years. Medieval art frequently portrayed scenes of Pilate and Jesus, often in the scene where he washes his hands of guilt for Jesus's death. [175], Several places in Western Europe have traditions associated with Pilate. [48] Moreover, Maier argues that Pilate could not have used the temple treasury to construct an aqueduct, as recorded by Josephus, without the cooperation of the priests. According to the traditional account of his life, Pilate was a Roman equestrian (knight) of the Samnite clan of the Pontii (hence his name Pontius). The life of one man was worth avoiding a rebellion, resulting in the deaths of hundreds. Pilate was also afraid of Jesus. Eusebius, quoting from apocryphal accounts, said that Pilate suffered misfortune in the reign of Caligula (37 - 41 AD), was exiled to Gaul and eventually committed suicide in Vienne. [159] His beheading is accompanied by a voice from heaven calling him blessed and saying he will be with Jesus at the Second Coming. "[291] Other scholars have argued that Pilate was simply culturally insensitive in his interactions with the Jews and in this way a typical Roman official. [100] Eusebius dates this to 39. "[289] However, Paul Maier argues that Pilate's long term as governor of Judaea indicates he must have been a reasonably competent administrator,[290] while Henry MacAdam argues that "[a]mong the Judaean governors prior to the Jewish War, Pilate must be ranked as more capable than most. Oh, come on, loosen up a little. They seem to picture a headstrong strict authoritarian Roman leader who, although both rational and practical, never knew how far he should go in a given case. Pontius Pilate was the Roman Governor of Judea during the time of Jesus. [224][225][226], Pilate plays a major role in the medieval passion play. [246] In the York passion cycle, Pilate describes himself as a courtier, but in most English passion plays he proclaims his royal ancestry. Britannica 2005. First Apology 48. [240] In the Wakefield plays, Pilate is portrayed as wickedly evil, describing himself as Satan's agent (mali actoris) while plotting Christ's torture so as to extract the most pain. Pontius Pilate refers to Christ in official records, Pontius Pilate - refers to Christ in official records. [23] In the Gospels of Mark and John, Pilate is only called by his cognomen, which Marie-Joseph Ollivier takes to mean that this was the name by which he was generally known in common speech. [50] Jean-Pierre Lmonon argues that official cooperation with Pilate was limited to the Sadducees, noting that the Pharisees are absent from the gospel accounts of Jesus's arrest and trial. "[114], As governor, Pilate was responsible for minting coins in the province: he appears to have struck them in 29/30, 30/31, and 31/32, thus the fourth, fifth, and sixth years of his governorship. Tiberius received the petition and angrily reprimanded Pilate, ordering him to remove the shields. [35][36] These proposed dates have not been widely accepted by other scholars. Five chapters of the novel are featured as chapters of The Master and Margarita. Pontius Pilate (Pontius Pilatus) lived in the 1st century CE.His name literally means "Pilate of Pontus". But the Jewish leaders did care. [121] As was typical of Roman coins struck in Judaea, they did not have a portrait of the emperor, though they included some pagan designs. By other accounts, Pontius Pilate was sent into exile and committed suicide of his own accord. Although in Latin, the name Pilate means, "skilled with the javelin." Tertullian, the late, great 2nd-century Christian theologian and apologist was convinced of this as was the 4th century Saint . How old is Cartaphilus now? [241] In the fifteenth-century English Townley Cycle, Pilate is portrayed as a pompous lord and prince of the Jews, but also as forcing Christ's torturer to give him Christ's clothes at the foot of the cross. According to some, Pilate killed himself while in exile to Gallia. He expresses disgust at the Jewish authorities' treatment of Jesus when Jesus is brought before him and offers Jesus a drink of water. [255] Among other topics, the two anachronistically discuss the meaning of the last judgment and the second coming; Pilate fails to comprehend Jesus's teachings and is complacent as he sends him to his death. Josephus tells us more. He is frequently depicted as a more important character to the narrative than even Jesus,[227] and became one of the most important figures of medieval drama in the fifteenth century. "[54], According to Josephus in his The Jewish War (2.9.2) and Antiquities of the Jews (18.3.1), Pilate offended the Jews by moving imperial standards with the image of Caesar into Jerusalem. The New Testament gospel of Luke records that Pilate had heard about Jesus and His miracles before He was brought before Pilate. Dusenbury examines the fact of Jesus's trial and Pilate's judgment of him, as well as its interpretation by different thinkers. [93] The Samaritans, claiming not to have been armed, complained to Lucius Vitellius the Elder, the governor of Syria (term 3539), who had Pilate recalled to Rome to be judged by Tiberius. Philo is hostile, Josephus mostly neutral, and the Gospels "comparatively friendly. Pilate is the protagonist. Pressure was also applied by his wife to have nothing to do with Jesus. He did not prevent their petition. In them, Pilate is portrayed as wishing to save Jesus, being affected by his charisma, but as too cowardly to do so. [125] In the mid-20th century, A. Mazar tentatively identified it as the Arrub aqueduct that brought water from Solomon's Pools to Jerusalem, an identification supported in 2000 by Kenneth Lnnqvist. The task is daunting because almost our entire . The Governor was under the impression that Jesus was simply claiming to be "King of the Jews," but it says once Pilate found out that Jesus was claiming to be the Son of God " he was even more afraid " (John 19:8). [252], Pilate makes a brief appearance in the preface to George Bernard Shaw's 1933 play On the Rocks where he argues against Jesus about the dangers of revolution and of new ideas. Pontius Pilate was appointed governor of Judea (A.D. 26-36) under Tiberius Caesar. Pontius Pilate was sent into exile and committed suicide of his own accord. Flavius Josephus. "[272] Wroe argues that later Pilates took on a sort of effeminancy,[268] illustrated by Michael Palins Pilate in Monty Python's Life of Brian, who lisps and mispronounces his r's as w's. 4. [176] Per a local legend,[180] the village of Fortingall in Scotland claims to be Pilate's birthplace, but this is almost certainly a 19th-century inventionparticularly as the Romans did not invade the British Isles until 43. The inscription reads () (Pilato(u)), meaning "of Pilate". [8], Pontius Pilate should have listened to his wife. "[88] Raymond E. Brown argued that the Gospels' portrayal of Pilate cannot be considered historical, since Pilate is always described in other sources (The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews of Josephus and Embassy to Gaius of Philo) as a cruel and obstinate man. What happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of the Lord Jesus Christ? The king reads in the stars that he will bear a son who will rule over many lands, so he has a miller's daughter named Pila brought to him whom he impregnates; Pilate's name thus results from the combination of the names Pila with Atus. "), and John 19:22 (Quod scripsi, scripsi, "What I have written, I have written"). For Pilate, anything that got him advanced in status in the eyes of the emperor was truth. There are many different conceptions of what it means to be human. after Pilate's deposition, he himself became ruler of Judaea. [234] The 1517 Alsfelder Passionsspiel portrays Pilate as condemning Christ to death out of fear of losing Herod's friendship and to earn the Jews' good will, despite his long dialogues with the Jews in which he professes Christ's innocence. The circumstances surrounding Pontius Pilate's death in circa 39 A.D. are something of a mystery and a source of contention. Pontius Pilate washed his hands of the issue regarding Christ's crucifixion because he did not believe Jesus to be guilty of any crime worthy of execution, yet Pilate permitted the punishment solely because the riotous mob the Pharisees and their leaders had formed needed to be quelled. [168] This connection to Mount Pilatus is attested from 1273 CE onwards, while Lake Lucerne has been called "Pilatus-See" (Pilate Lake) beginning in the fourteenth century. [183] In the medieval Slavonic Josephus, an Old Church Slavonic translation of Josephus, with legendary additions, Pilate kills many of Jesus's followers but finds Jesus innocent. And all the people answered and said, "His blood be on us and on our children" (Matthew 27:24-25). Yet the Bible isn't the only ancient source of information about Pilate. $8.99 1 New from $8.99. Caiaphas would be removed following Pilate's own removal from the governorship. As a result, he is sent as a hostage to Rome, where he kills another hostage. Pontius Pilate is today perhaps the best-known figure of the Roman Administration from the first century. He convicted Jesus of treason and declared that Jesus thought himself King of the Jews, and had Jesus crucified. [37], Pilate's title of prefect[c] implies that his duties were primarily military;[40] however, Pilate's troops were meant more as a police than a military force, and Pilate's duties extended beyond military matters. [61], According to Philo's Embassy to Gaius (Embassy to Gaius 38), Pilate offended against Jewish law by bringing golden shields into Jerusalem, and placing them on Herod's Palace. [60][54] Lmonon, however, argues against this identification. [285] Parts of the dialogue attributed to Pilate in the Gospel of John have become particularly famous sayings, especially quoted in the Latin version of the Vulgate. [11] Two additional chapters of Tacitus's Annals that might have mentioned Pilate have been lost. After Sejanuss fall (31 ce), Pilate was exposed to sharper criticism from certain Jews, who may have capitalized on his vulnerability to obtain a legal death sentence on Jesus (John 19:12). Josephus tells us that in order to abolish Jewish laws, and with the intent of diminishing privileges Jews had hitherto enjoyed, Pilate ordered his troops to encamp in Jerusalem and sent them into the city with images of the emperor attached to their ensigns. [47] This indicates that Caiaphas and the priests of the Sadducee sect were reliable allies to Pilate. 1887, p. 201. "[85] Some scholars believe that the Gospel accounts are completely untrustworthy: S. G. F. Brandon argued that in reality, rather than vacillating on condemning Jesus, Pilate unhesitatingly executed him as a rebel. First Apology 35. [250] Spending his time at the baths of Baiae, Pilate is unable to remember Jesus at all. [216] In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Pilate was frequently dressed as an Arab, wearing a turban, long robes, and a long beard, given the same characteristics as the Jews. One tradition says that he was a member of the Pontii tribe and of Samnite nobility. "[107] Originally, the inscription would have included an abbreviated letter for Pilate's praenomen (e.g., T. for Titus or M. for Marcus). [25] Like all but one other governor of Judaea, Pilate was of the equestrian order, a middle rank of the Roman nobility. However, the body is surrounded by demons and storms, so that it is removed from the Tiber and instead cast into the Rhone, where the same thing happens. Truth is whatever you decide it is, whatever is most pragmatic, kind of like throwing darts at the wall and drawing targets around them. The coins. [68] Bond argues that the number of Galileans killed does not seem to have been particularly high. The quote reveals that many Greeks considered Pilates misfortunes to be divine justice for the death of Jesus Christ. [84] Yet other scholars, such as Brian McGing and Bond, have argued that there is no real discrepancy between Pilate's behavior in Josephus and Philo and that in the Gospels. Pilate owed his appointment to the influence of Sejanus. [296] Carter notes this theory arose in the context of the aftermath of the Holocaust, that the evidence that Sejanus was anti-Semitic depends entirely on Philo, and that "[m]ost scholars have not been convinced that it is an accurate or a fair picture of Pilate."[297]. [267] The 1953 film The Robe portrays Pilate as completely covered with gold and rings as a sign of Roman decadence. There are no known images of Pilate, but researchers have discovered a few artifacts associated with him. [223], The image of Pilate condemning Jesus to death is commonly encountered today as the first scene of the Stations of the Cross, first found in Franciscan Catholic churches in the seventeenth century and found in almost all Catholic churches since the nineteenth century. Come, see the place where He was lying. Matthew 28:1-6(NASB). This may mean they were close, since life in the administrative center of Caesarea would certainly have been more comfortable for her. [110] Bond argues that we cannot be sure what kind of building this referred to. [242] It is he alone who wishes to kill Christ rather than the high priests, conspiring together with Judas. Just verdict is sent as a positive figure [ 47 ] this that. Since life in the Bible isn & # x27 ; t the only ancient source of information about Pilate (. [ 226 ], Pontius Pilate ( Pontius Pilatus ) lived in the medieval passion plays where! 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