Slavery in Egypt did not mean total ownership, which is associated with the later concept of slavery. Scribes were busy, but they also lived very good lives, with many luxuries. Historically, most slaves ancestors were initially captured in wars or kidnapped in isolated raids but some were sold into slavery by their parents as a means of surviving extreme conditions. Male slaves who wore the robes usually wore short sheets, while the ancient Egyptian robe for female slaves mainly consisted of skirts that went from shoulders to ankles. Thousands of years ago, according to the Old Testament, the Jews were slaves in Egypt. British Museum. House Slaves: An Overview. The slaves worked so that they could either enter Egypt and hope for a better life, receive compensation of living quarters and food, or be granted admittance to work in the afterlife. The presence of furniture is displayed in the various murals found on walls. because they preferred to sleep outside, on the flat roofs of their homes, to enjoy the cool evening breeze. Slaves didn't get paid. Slaves were made to wear skirts made of cloth that were tied along their waist, extending up to their knees and as long as the owner so desired. Jobs for Slaves in Ancient Egypt A lot of people are under the misconception that most jobs in ancient Egypt, particularly building the pyramids, was accomplished with slavery. The existence of slavery not only was profitable for ancient Egypt, but made it easier to keep power and stability of the Kingdoms. Much of the research conducted on Egyptian enslavement has focused on the issue of payment to slaves. It was standard practice back then to have slaves and bring some back after a victorious war. In some cases, servants appear to have become emotionally important to their household as depicted on the Cairo Bowl. 5000 years ago. Slavery in northern Africa dates back to ancient Egypt. As the religious leader of the . https://hypnosisinhistory.com/ancient-hypnosis. In exchange, they were given protection.Because they were very loyal and fought for their lords in times of war they often got a bit of land from them. During the 25TH dynasty, the average price was about 2.9 debens. The people of ancient Egypt built mudbrick homes in villages and in the country. In ancient Egyptian times, social roles were determined at birth. Other Interesting Facts About Ancient Egyptian Slaves, Children in Ancient China History Facts. The men wore knee-length shirts, loincloths or kilts made of linen. There were three types of enslavement in Ancient Egypt: chattel slavery, bonded labor, and forced labor. Another method was the idea that enslaved people could be swabbed by the king and purified. However, a collection of 10 branding irons dating from Egypt's 19 th dynasty (beginning c. 1292 BC), until the 25 th dynasty (ending 656 BC), were most likely used to mark the skin of human slaves as they were too small to use on cattle. Activities and Projects for Ancient Egypt. However, it is assumed that there was no slave market in Egypt. http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptmedicine.html. Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Egypt. royals and the noble families surrounding them; the large wedge of free working people, and a smaller chunk claimed by slaves and serfs. Where did ancient Greek slaves sleep? They may have also been slaves from their parents being slaves as well. In order to justify the acquisition of slaves, these kings would claim that their gods had given them victory over an inferior people. After death, the Ancient Egyptians believed their hearts would be weighed to determine whether they were virtuous enough to pass on to the afterlife. Methods by which slaves could attain their freedom included marriage or entering temple service (being 'purified'). feet. The foreigners captured during military campaigns are, for example, referred to in the Annals of Thutmose III as "men in captivity" and individuals were referred to as "dependents" (mrj). Records from the New Kingdom era (around 1500 BCE) depict rows of captives being paraded before the kings and nobles of ancient Egypt, and it is rather safe to assume that slavery existed in some form or another from antiquity until the 19th century. - Answers Ushabtis were funerary figures buried with deceased Egyptians. Tarek Asaad . Ancient Egyptian medicinesmith papyrusebers papyrus. - Answers. However payment could come in many forms. A female could go for as much as 6,000 denarii. Egypt didn't actually have a lot of slaves. However Pharaohs were able to bypass this, and possessed the power to give slaves to any they saw fit, usually being a vizier or noble.[9][14]. Historians have found no evidence suggesting that slaves built the pyramids. Many slaves labored on the estates of the pharaohs, the nobility, and the priests. What did enslaved people do all day? Nubia was targetedbecause of its close geographical proximity, cultural similarity, and competitiveness in imperial dominion, and then the scope of campaigns intended to acquire foreign war captives expanded to Libya and Asia. Slavery in the Middle Ages . If you take any place the majority people make the minority people as a salve. One manuscript known as Papyrus Harris I records Ramses III claiming to have captured innumerable foreign slaves: "I brought back in great numbers those that my sword has spared, with their hands tied behind their backs before my horses, and their wives and children in tens of thousands, and their livestock in hundreds of thousands. How Did Queen Mary Earn Her Bloody Nickname? Slaves didn't build the pyramids, and no. Early mentioning of sleep disorders and their treatment could be found in the few survived papyri dealing with the ancient Egyptian medicine. - 210.65.88.143. Servants and slaves were nude or wore loincloths. The Fascinating Story of the Rufus Buck Gang, Did the Black Dinner Really Inspire the Red Weddin, The history and culture of the Abenaki Tribe, were built by skilled and highly-qualified workers, The Lovers of Valdaro A Double Burial From Neolithic Italy, The Strange Historical Origins of the Humpty Dumpty Nursery Rhyme. In tombs it was the painter's task to preserve the dead individual's spirit. Slave children were brought up well by the owner of the slave according to accounts of the 18th century. 1-19, quoted in Loprieno, Antonio. Slaves live in huts made of logs of wood covered with wood the men and women sleeping indiscriminately together in the same room. Slaves were very important in ancient Egypt as a big part of the labor force, but they were also used for many other purposes. Where did slaves in ancient Egypt sleep? Yes, they did sleep on straw, but it was not a bed. [11] What was it like to be a slave in ancient Egypt? Starting over 4,000 years ago, Semites began crossing the deserts from Palestine into Egypt. This is why many peasants chose slavery over a life of poverty and hardship. This kind of act is called slavery; this situation is persists still in many countries. The religious beliefs of the Ancient Egyptians may be one reason that slaves were treated reasonably well. Ancient Egypt and dream analysis. The first type of houses in ancient Egypt that ancient Egyptians lived in is the Reed Huts, these type of hut is made from papyrus reed a type of plant which is grass-like, found in Egypt and these plants can also be used to make paper. The Great Pyramid is dated with all the evidence, I'm . 2012. http://www.egyptological.com/2012/04/sleep-and-the-sleeping-in-ancient-egypt-8146. 7 Egyptologists Claim That The Pyramid Took 20 Years To Build There Are Over 2 Million Stone Blocks In The Pyramids Bible History Ancient Egyptian Paintings. Chattel and debt slaves were given food but probably not given wages. Allen J. Some domestic slaves might have been privileged to sleep in the master's house, such as a wet-nurse, the children's primary caregiver, or a female . This act of slavery grew Egypt's military status and strength. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. They grew barley to make beer, wheat for bread, vegetables such as onions and cucumbers, and flax to make into linen. The Egyptian civilization develop many of the methods and tools that make carpenters the craftsmen we would recognize today. Most people lived during that time on the south bank of the Nile in brick houses. Yes the Jews were slaves in Egypt for two centuries. For example, Mai-per-heri lived during the 15th century BC and was of Nubian descent. This room was used for storage and napping during the day to escape the excessive heat. Slaves often worked on major building projects, like temples and other buildings. If they tried to escape, they were captured and put to punishment. Contrary to the popular connotation of slaves as pieces of properties, in ancient Egypt, the connotation of slaves was that of someone who owed a debt to his master. [13] This specific type of weaponry to torture the slave has many local names in Egyptian documents but the preferred term is called 'sheyba'. Today, of course, it's the other way around. The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. In ancient China, some people were born in slavery because their mother was slave. Ain Shams University Hospital, Institute of Psychiatry-Psychophysiology & Sleep Research Unit, 14 Aly El-Gendy Street, PO Box 11371, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt, You can also search for this author in Libby Pelham BA. Updated: NOVEMBER 14, 2022 07:32. Slaves were very important in ancient Egypt as a big part of the labor force, but they were also used for many other purposes. Typically in the slave quarters. Voluntary servitude also existed where women offered herself to the temple. See full answer below. Every tomb owner's first wish from those still alive passing by the tomb was 1,000 loaves of bread. Did slaves wear togas? Climatic change about 7,000 years ago turned most of Egypt to desert except for along the Nile where farming began similar to the Sumerians (3150 BC) and developed over the next three millennia (pyramids . Did pharaohs live in Upper Egypt? Peasants lived with the fewest comforts of the social classes, and lived in the simplest mud-brick houses. Household slaves slept in. Bonded laborers dreamed of emancipation but never knew if it was ever achievable. Slaves live in huts made of logs of wood covered with wood, the men and women sleeping indiscriminately together in the same room. Documented evidence exists as early as the reign of Sneferu, in the 26th century BC, war campaigns in the territory of Nubia, in which war-captives would be labeled skrw-'nh - and Libyans all of whom would be used to perform labourregardless of their will otherwiseor if warranted, would be conscripted into the military. But English people would be perfectly surprised to see the natural modesty and delicacy of the women thus huddled together; every possible effort being exerted, under such circumstances, to preserve appearances--an . Slaves never wore a toga. Some chattel slaves began as free people who were found guilty of committing illicit acts and were forced to give up their freedom. Some domestic slaves might have been privileged to sleep in the master's house, such as a wet-nurse, the children's primary caregiver, or a female . Military Rations For Sale, Maintaining religious harmony and participating in ceremonies were part of the pharaoh's role as head of the religion. Dream interpretation and analysis had been extensively practiced for thousands of years before the modern psychoanalytic theories. they sleep in cabins like other slaves or at the masters Egyptian Slaves Clothes However, some slaves used simple clothing articles usually made of animal skin or linen. Aug 2012. Living Quarters Slaves usually lived on their master's property, most often in communal structures that tended to be primitively constructed and furnished. Those without much money often had only a one room house. If an individual coerced into labor attempted to escape or was absent from their work, they might be condemned to coerced labor for life. What did Egyptian slaves wear? 10, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Ancient Egypt: Slavery, its causes and practice", "Slavery in Egypt during the Saite and Persian Periods", "Great Pyramid tombs unearth 'proof' workers were not slaves | Egypt | The Guardian", "NOVA Online/Pyramids/Who Built the Pyramids? Egyptian texts refer to words 'bAk' and 'Hm' that mean laborer or servant. History of nudity - Wikipedia Slavery |Slavery Through the Centuries | Underground Slavery has existed in Egypt since ancient times. These slaves were paid a wage, depending on their skill level and social status for their work. As construction workers, peasants helped build the monuments and pyramids for the pharaoh. The Painter in ancient Egypt. Certainly most of us would consider anyone bound in servitude, regardless to whom, a slave. Some of the jobs they had included: Farmers - most of the people were farmers. The contribution of ancient Egypt to the field of sleep medicine is quite evident. They also worked closely with the craftsman as private servants in their homes in Deir el-Medina, a village of workers that built the tombs in the Valley of Kings near Luxor. Scribes recorded magic spells, wills and other legal contracts, medical procedures, tax records, and genealogies. Usually, both individuals had strict social roles andwere expected to perform their duties; if anything, this comprised the social structure of ancient Egyptian civilization. They were capable of negotiating transactions and owning personal property. Chattel and debt slaves were given food but probably not given wages. For many people, a bed consisted of ground. Arthur Schopenhauer Figure 1. Slaves live in huts made of logs of wood covered with wood, the men and women sleeping indiscriminately together in the same room. ground. Slaves in Egypt weren't cruelly treated, not like in Ancient Rome, as Egypt had few slaves so they were valuable. Slaves live in huts made of logs of wood covered with wood, the men and women sleeping indiscriminately together in the same room. These poorest citizens would become slaves to repay their debts, or they would even sell. During the day, the average Egyptian man wore a loincloth: And the average woman a simple dress made of a sheet of linen: Some dresses were made of just beads and left the breasts out: And slaves many times went nude or just with. The price for a male slave in Rome at the time of Augustus has been quoted at 500 denarii. Often slaves voluntarily gave up their freedoms due to debt, their criminal history, or were prisoners of war. The tomb of Ahmose I contains a biographical text which depicts several boasts regarding the capture of foreign Asiatic slaves. Was The Ancient Egyptian City Of Amarna Built By Child Slaves Ancient Egyptian Cities Ancient Egyptian Ancient. Enslavement of the Israelites. Slavery in Ancient Greece was acceptable and common, as in most organized societies of the time; yet, there were several differences between city states.. slept in dormitories. Evidence of ushabtis shows great relevance to a slavery-type system. Discussions of slavery in Pharaonic Egypt are complicated by terminology used by the Egyptians to refer to different classes of servitude over the course of dynastic history; interpretation of the textual evidence of classes of slaves in ancient Egypt has been difficult to differentiate by word usage alone. Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? What did pharaohs do for fun? Even now, in the modern era, people live in brick houses. Slavery in Egypt did not mean total ownership, which is associated with the later concept of slavery. Does Egypt still have slaves? Celebrity Basketball Game 2021, All captives, including civilians not a part of the military forces, were seen as a royal resource. How can you explain the fact that there are signs of marine life halfway up pillars in the ruins of ancient cities in Naples? Published: NOVEMBER 13, 2022 18:37. Ancient warfare often resulted in slavery for prisoners and their families who were . The transaction was evidenced by commercial documents, executed before officials or a local council, that contained clauses usually used in the sale of valuable commodities. Sleep was also used as a method of healing in special sleep temples, designed for dream incubation. Many slaves were house servants, gardeners, farm labor, musicians and dancers of excellent talent, scribes (those that kept written documents), and accountants. Where did Egyptian slaves sleep? Many monuments in ancient Egypt like the pyramids were built by slaves. Slaves and slavery in ancient Egypt is not that much affect the people, the intensity of . Some slaves could achieve higher positions in the society if they had the skills and abilities. 7 Egyptologists Claim That The Pyramid Took 20 Years To Build There Are Over 2 Million Stone Blocks In The Pyramids Bible History Ancient Egyptian Paintings. The slaves got common foods, which usually included bread and cheap wine. Slaves live in huts made of logs of wood covered with wood, the men and women sleeping indiscriminately together in the same room. Slaves live in huts made of logs of wood covered with wood, the men and women sleeping indiscriminately together in the same room. The least fortunate slaves worked in gold and copper mines in Sinai and Nubia, where many died from exhaustion and dehydration. thanks for helping me out I had to right an essay on Egyptian slaves. Ancient warfare often resulted in slavery for prisoners and their families who were . Records from the New Kingdom era (around 1500 BCE) depict rows of captives being paraded before the kings and nobles of ancient Egypt, and it is rather safe to assume that slavery existed in some form or another from antiquity until the 19th century. However, slaves were viewed as property. Scribes were central to the functioning . Hem (Hm), generally translated as slave and originally meaning body, was seemingly a person with lessened rights.The prices of slaves varied over time. The biggest slavery in Egypt was in the New Kingdom era. The laborers were conscripted for projects such as military expeditions, mining and quarrying, and construction projects for the state. In ancient Mesopotamia as agriculture required labour, slavery . Slaves did not hold the same status in Ancient Egypt as slaves did during the time of the European expansion. How many slaves did ancient Egypt have? Slavery was part of the economy and culture of many ancient civilizations. Where did Egyptian slaves sleep? In the slave market, bonded laborers were commonly sold with a 'slave yoke' or a 'taming stick' to show that the slave was troublesome. [9], Ancient Egyptians were able to sell themselves and children into slavery in a form of bonded labor. Dr. Cwiek mentions that the population of slave workers swelled during theImperial Period (1550-1069 BC)due to several successful campaigns. But the interesting fact is that no slaves were found work to build pyramid. slaves lived in the home of their master. The word " pharaoh " means "Great House," a reference to the palace where the pharaoh resides. Sleep and the sleeping in ancient Egypt. House servants cleaned, cooked, and took care of the children. Springer, New York, NY. The slaves themselves were seen as an accomplishment to Egyptian kings' reign, and a sign of power. Slaves Slavery in Egypt mainly occurred through prisoners of war. Some house servants actually slept in. Officials who abused their power could also be reduced to servitude. Although men did not receive monetary wages, shabtis were promised life in the netherworld and that promise could be perceived as payment for them. Bread was the basic staple of the Egyptian diet. "[8], In the Adoption Papyrus, the term "slave"/"servant" is contrasted with the term "free citizen (nmhj) of the land of the pharaoh". Often, the phrase nmhj traditionally refers to an orphan or poor. The Reisner Papyrus and the El Lahun papyri depict prisoners being employed in state enterprises. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. House slave was a term used to refer to those enslaved Africans relegated to performing domestic work on American slave plantations. [7], During the First Intermediate Period, slaves were first defined as men with dignity but remained treated as property. Last updated on July 29th, 2022 at 11:02 pm. Most of their slaves were from wars. Where did Egyptian slaves sleep? Slaves were very important in ancient Egypt as a big part of the labor force, but they were also used for many other purposes. Slaves live in huts made of logs of wood covered with wood, the men and women sleeping indiscriminately together in the same room. The ancient Egyptian craftsmen have existed in Egypt since prehistoric times which the main materials used were stones, clay, wood, fibers, ivory, animal skins, bones, and feathers. and labor services (gardeners, stable hands, field hands, etc.). The palaces were rarely robbed. Ancient Egypt was a complex society needing people doing many different tasks and jobs. There were two main ways: the first was to be the child of a slave and the second was captivity in war. The most common item of furniture was a low stool, although many people, especially the poor sat on the floor. Fruit, such as apples, figs and raisins, were common, too. Nice work! Vegetable soup or porridge might have been on a Roman slave's daily menu, as well. Where did Egyptian slaves sleep? It may seem strange (and horrible) to us today, but slavery was a common practice during the time period of Ancient Greece. Dr. Cwiek also says that there were even cases of slaves marrying Egyptian women, which were said to haveequal rights to menin ancient Egyptian society. The Ancient Egyptians did not have cupboards but stored things in reed baskets. People believed the after-life world at that time. Slavery |Slavery Through the Centuries | Underground Women and The Slave's in Ancient Egypt by Eliza Blumke - Prezi, Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Egypt - Tour Egypt, Where did egyptian slaves sleep? Contents 1 Fatimid Caliphate 1.1 Harem slavery 2 The Mamluk era 2.1 Military slavery 3 Ottoman Egypt: 1517-1805 Most of the slaves in ancient Egypt worked naked. most Anciet egypt slaves were greeks and romans. The latin word for slave was servantes, from which we get servant, one who serves. The ancient Egyptians used the word qed (symbolized by a bed) to denote sleep, and the word rswt or resut (depicted as an open eye) to refer to dream. Sleep and the Sleeping in Ancient Egypt Barbara O'Neill Published in Egyptological, April 2012. What clothes did men usually wear in ancient Egypt? Some less fortunate slaves Where did ancient Greek slaves sleep? Bestiality was practiced in Babylonia, the ancient Empire . Military expeditions continued to reduce Asiatics to slavery, and state-owned slaves (royal laborers) shared in the same status as these Asiatic slaves. "According to contemporary Egyptologist Sigrid Hodel-Hoenes, her skin color was worshipped because it echoed the "color of both the fertile earth and the netherworld and death," The Collector noted. Enlarge. Who built the pyramids? Hieratic papyri in the British museum, 3rd series: Chester Beatty gift (Vol. Slaves on small farms often slept in the kitchen or an outbuilding, and sometimes in small cabins near the farmer's house. Your email address will not be published. In some ancient societies, there was a third way, free people could be enslaved within their community and end up as slaves. Their human qualities were disregarded and were merely seen as property to be used for a master's labor. Not all were from foreign areas outside of Egypt but it was popular for slaves to be found and . [9][14], Masters of Ancient Egypt were under obligations when owning slaves. How did peasants live in ancient Egypt? [29] Modern archaeologists consider that the Israelites were indigenous to Canaan and never resided in ancient Egypt in significant numbers. The word translated as "slave" from the Egyptian language does not neatly align with modern terms or traditional labor roles. Collins: HarperCollins; 2005. pp. Furniture was used by the rich. Other chattel slaves were born into the life from a slave mother. The Ancient East, specifically China and India, didn't adopt the practice of slavery until much later, as late as the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC. Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Egypt by Jimmy Dunn For many years, it was presumed that in ancient Egypt, the Great Pyramids at Giza were built by many thousands of foreign slaves, toiling under very harsh conditions over a period of decades. Answer and Explanation: Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! Asiatics could often have Egyptian names but sometimes inscriptions or papyri mentioning them would still apply an ethnic qualification, such as one which mentions an "Asiatic Aduna and her son Ankhu". They were the farmers, construction workers, and the unskilled laborers. Servants belonged to the lowest social class and did most of the hard work. In order to maintain this level of slaughter, the ancient Egyptians would have needed a herd of 21,900 cattle and 54,750 sheep and goats just to keep up regular delivery to the Giza workers . Slaves in Egypt had some rights. Egyptian Slaves Clothes However, some slaves used simple clothing articles usually made of animal skin or linen. The lives of slaves were filled with hardship. They sometimes became slaves to pay off their debts. Houses for the Poor. But sometimes, slaves were often set free by the masters themselves. It seems that the slave population consisted of prisoners of war, usually foreigners. Enslaved people in ancient Egypt were used for various tasks, including construction, farming, and household work. During the Qin Dynasty, captured people were made into slaves. They received food, somewhere to sleep It was a long-held belief in science that oppressed slaves built these pyramids and were subjected to horrible working conditions. 22023 (1). They could own property, and some slaves married free people and even employed servants. Dr. Cwiek also mentions that slave life didnt have to be any harder than any other Egyptian performing necessary work in the community. Slave dealing in Ancient Egypt was done through private dealers and not through a public market. Most people lived in mud brick homes. "They are so small that it precludes them from being used on cattle or horses," study author Ella Karev . Slaves in the royal family were held in especially high regard. A slaves role in Roman society Slaves in ancient Rome were an integral part of the society and their number increased as the empire expanded. Egypt history stated that slaves were used as a worker to build buildings. In this interview, Ikram, an Egyptologist at the . We still use this term, and its connotation of social standing. Gotthard GT. Many of the slaves in Ancient Egypt were peasants, or poor people. The vast majority in the US had family houses. Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Egyptby Jimmy Dunn. The term is applied to describe the agricultural laborer in the . Ancient hypnosishypnosis in history. Though slaves were not happy like the other social classes, they were not persecuted as we may presume. The debtor would also have to give up all that was owned. Apparently there were at least 30,000 slaves in Egypt at different times of the nineteenth century, and probably many more. While slavery is often viewed as a negative aspect of ancient Egyptian society, its important to remember that the treatment of slaves depended on their social status. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Many slaves were house servants, gardeners, farm labor, musicians and dancers of excellent talent, scribes (those that kept written documents), and accountants. Where the pharaoh and the upper classes had feasts with tons of food, peasants lived off of a simple diet, and at times were forced to eat papyrus because of famine. Slavery in ancient Egypt existed at least since the Old Kingdom period. Slaves or bak were seen as property or a commodity to be bought and sold. On larger plantations where there were many slaves, they usually lived in small cabins in a slave quarter, far from the master's house but under the watchful eye of an overseer. You can obviously tell that being a slave would be very uncomfortable sleeping and eating and farming in the same clothes every day and washing them by hand and now days we have washing machines and how lucky are we. Some of the jobs they had included: Farmers - most of the people were farmers. How people become slaves. Slaves constituted the lowest layer of the social pyramid. works usually slept in a barracks. These workers would have devoted their entire lives to the cause. #bible #apologetics Interpretation of the textual evidence of classes of slaves in ancient Egypt has been difficult to differentiate by word usage alone. 2009. http://www.dreaminglucid.com/issues/LDE50.pdf. Egyptian slaves were also known to have been executed to accompany their deceased Pharaoh into the afterlife. One method by which this could happen was through marriage.[7]. Household slaves ate and slept in the same house as their owners Its believed that this was because society needed enslaved people to construct ancient Egyptian monuments and temples and participate in agricultural work. Slaves live in huts made of logs of wood covered with wood, the men and women sleeping indiscriminately together in the same room. In addition, the community had grown in power and now held the capacity to own and administer to public property, including that of slaves, replacing some of the traditional power of the king and his private royal laborers. Was of Nubian descent enslavement in ancient Egypt like the other way around palace where the pharaoh 's as... Slept in the ruins of ancient Egypt children in ancient Mesopotamia as agriculture required labour, slavery sleep... Those enslaved Africans relegated to performing domestic work on American slave plantations straw, it. ; s task to preserve the dead individual & # x27 ; s spirit and in the British,... 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