Nurses' appropriate ethical responses to medication errors need to be supported. Employers now have the ability to monitor employee activity on their computers and other company-provided devices, and while electronic surveillance is meant to ensure efficiency and productivity, it often comes dangerously close to privacy violation. Maintaining accurate records is an important part of a psychologists work, whether the individual is working in research or with patients. Reusing stored biological samples and data collected from research participants in past studies, as well as samples collected from patients for clinical or diagnostic purposes, raises new issues about the responsibility of healthcare providers to obtain informed consent. APA's Ethical Codes: The Five Ethical Principles, Principle A: Beneficence and Non-Maleficence, Principle E: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity, Why Therapists Say Cultural Safety Is Essential in Mental Healthcare. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. While there is broad agreement on some ethical values (for example, that murder is bad), there is also wide variation on how . On-site nurse ethicists or other ethics professionals who clinicians can confidentially talk with are valuable in helping people look at the situation from other perspectives. In the same vein, business owners must be able to respect and not penalize employees who are deemed whistleblowers to either regulatory authorities or on social media. Ethics certainly creates a buzz in the business world. Make sure to measure and report progress during each stage. In order to ensure employee surveillance does not turn into an ethical issue for your business, both employees and employers should remain conscious of the actual benefits of being monitored, and whether it is a useful way of developing a record of their job performance. Heres One Approach., U.S. News & World Report, Why Will It Take So Long for a COVID-19 Vaccine?, 10 items. You may need to work through the information you know in order to discard anything irrelevant, and concentrate on what is important. Discover our one Talent Management Solution that helps unify and streamline your healthcare system. How do you test the efficacy of a new medical technology without harming patients? The related field of precision medicine, or personalized medicine, also uses genomic data. A first step is for organizations to develop AI codes of conduct that will ensure they use the technology ethically. I once contacted out of hours GP as a service user refused her drugs the whole day, he said unless they are life -saving meds most people have a build up of . They also need to avoid marketing statements that are deceptive or false. In other words, these ethical codes are meant to guide mental health professionals in making the best ethical decisions on a regular basis. Thats a big part of acknowledging nurses contribution to the goals of care, Pavlish said. AI used for health-related predictive analysis relies on large, diverse datasets, including EHRs. According to their 2018 study, 5,250 workers in the United States died from occupational accidents or work-related diseases. In addition, 5 Attributes of a Strong Online MBA Candidate, To be an online student, it takes a large amount of discipline and personal drive. In the introduction to this theme issue, I offer 3 reasons why we, as members of society and clinicians, are ethically obligated to offer homeless health care in the United States and to work to end homelessness: (1) homelessness harms people's health and well-being; (2) homelessness harms the health system and health professionals; and . Discrimination and Harassment Harassment and discrimination are arguably the most prominent contemporary ethical issues in business today. Rates of reporting the misconduct have risen to an all-time high of 86%. Minimizing harm, avoiding sexual relationships with clients, and continuation of care are other areas that are addressed by this standard. Not all ethical issues are clear-cut, but the APA strives to offer psychologists guiding principles to help them make sound ethical choices within their profession. Deliberating such complex practical and moral issues is a constant challenge in healthcare administration, and medical professionals can benefit greatly from training in ethical issues and public policy. All staff should feel safe in reaching out, perhaps to request a consultation or just to talk things through, Daly said. They should also strive to minimize their own biases as well as be aware of issues related to diversity and the concerns of particular populations. Should You Tell Your Therapist Everything? These cookies do not store any personal information. By submitting this form, I am providing my digital signature agreeing that Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi (TAMU-CC) may email me or contact me regarding educational services by telephone and/or text message utilizing automated technology or a pre-recorded message at the telephone number(s) provided above. Both companies eventually went out of business, and although the accounting firm only had a small portion of its employees working with Enron, the firms closure resulted in 85,000 jobs lost. However, just because they may have a tough time adjusting to new practices does not mean they are completely incapable of doing so. Home Degrees Business MBA Master of Business Administration How to Address Ethical Issues in the Workplace. State psychological associations, professional groups, licensing boards, and government agencies may also choose to impose penalties against the psychologist. According to the same survey, 84% of those companies tell their employees that they are reviewing computer activity. This includes the clients they see in clinical practice, animals that are involved in research and experiments, and anyone else with whom they engage in professional interaction. The internet is filled with lists of how to impress. We offer a range of technology-based solutions to help you meet increasing demands. Despite the pervasiveness of such behavior, employee misconduct sometimes goes unreported for a variety of reasons. Use appropriate caution in acting on the information of any article. required resistance and maximum weight numbers, , e.g. Should harassment or discrimination take place in the workplace, the result could be catastrophic for your organization both financially and reputationally. She then can help the nurses focus on what went well, how they contributed to improving the situation, how they treated the person with respect and dignity and other positives. controlling hazardous energy such as oil and gas, , e.g. Katherine Wasson, PhD, MPH, assistant professor in the Neiswanger Institute for Bioethics of Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine in Maywood, Ill., called moral distress a multifactoral issue. compensation for equal work regardless of sex, race, religion, etc. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. - Spiros Liolis, Micro Focus. To interact with these items, press Control-Option-Shift-Right Arrow. [6] + This is a course page funded by Plus online learning The nursing Code of Ethics, Nursing Scope and Standards, and Legal Implications are reviewed . Similarly, managers should handle discipline confidentially to protect the privacy of those they need to confront. Unfortunately, retaliation rates have skyrocketed along with the increase in reporting, with 79% of U.S. employees reporting retaliation. They may involve program decisions and might call on you to . Download Infographic. Patient records include case notes and other diagnostic assessments used in the course of treatment. Psychologists should obtain informed consent before administering assessments. Two of the most significant ethical issues that HR professionals and managers face are discrimination and harassment. Many modern medical devices are capable of reporting an incredible variety of health information, with or without a patients knowledge. Whether population health information is matched to an individual or applied in aggregate to a population, if its used for purposes other than promoting health, it has the potential to negatively impact those who supplied the data. The ANA offers more than a dozen online ethics continuing education programs. The key to using technological surveillance in an ethical manner is transparency. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association 2020 https://www.apa.org/ethics/code, Hobbs N. The development of a code of ethical standards for psychology. Addressing the Challenges of Healthcare Workforce Solutions on the HRO Today Podcast, Four Technology Solutions that Transform Healthcare Talent Acquisition & Retention, Four Strategies for Success in a Competitive Home Health Staffing Market. The consequences of discrimination and harassment in the workplace can negatively impact the finances and reputation of the organisation. When employees sign the new policy, indicating their understanding and pledging their compliance, they agree to hold themselves to a higher standard and to face the consequences of not doing so. The U.S. , 66% of organizations were found to monitor internet connections, with 45% tracking content, keystrokes, and time spent on the keyboard, and 43% storing and reviewing computer files as well as monitoring employee emails. Learn how conversations can build a high performance culture. What organizations should have access to data that can predict a patients future health issues? She suggested hospitals could develop unit-based ethics mentors, who could help their colleagues with those day-to-day concerns that come up. Though there are laws and statutes that exist to hold workers and employers accountable, these alone do not entirely deter employees from behaving unethically. We need to continue to develop both the technology and administrative controls and regulationsthere must be an accountable party. Customized medicine refers to the creation of bioidentical limbs and organs to replace injured or missing ones. This principle suggests that psychologists should participate in activities that enhance the ethical compliance and conduct of their colleagues. However, the line is usually drawn when an employees online behavior. Everyday ethical issues need to be addressed, said Connie M. Ulrich, PhD, RN, FAAN, associate professor of bioethics and nursing at the University of Pennsylvania Schools of Nursing and Medicine in Philadelphia and author of Nursing Ethics in Everyday Practice. While responsibility and accountability go hand-in-hand, they are slightly different concepts. 6.3 Describe how ethical issues that may arise over the use of medication can be addressed; 7.1 Demonstrate how to access information about an individual's medication; 7.2 Supporting an individual to in ways that promote hygiene, safety, dignity & active participation This includes acting independently in research and not allowing affiliations or sponsorships to influence results. Sharing patient data for secondary purposes, such as population health programs, requires either consent from the patient or anonymization of the data. Several ethical issues may arise as a result of medication errors: harm to patients, whether to disclose the error, erosion of trust, and impact on quality care. Disgruntled workers breach their companies codes of conduct all the time. In a. . Articles that appear on this website are for information purposes only. Learn more about theTAMU-CC online MBA program. Additionally, some specialty nursing organizations have position statements related to ethical issues which nurses can use as a guide. Ethical considerations for addressing distorted beliefs in psychotherapy. not placing conductors or equipment in damp or wet locations, However, health and safety concerns should not be limited to physical harm. Factors such as job insecurity, high demands, effort-reward imbalance, and low autonomy, were all found to contribute to health-related behavioural risks, including sedentary lifestyles, heavy alcohol consumption, increased cigarette smoking, and eating disorders. These principles make sure that participation in studies is voluntary, informed, and safe for research subjects. This means that a Facebook post complaining about work is not punishable on its own but can be punishable if it does something to reduce business. Ethical considerations for addressing distorted beliefs in psychotherapy. According to a 2019 survey conducted by the American Management Association, 66% of organizations were found to monitor internet connections, with 45% tracking content, keystrokes, and time spent on the keyboard, and 43% storing and reviewing computer files as well as monitoring employee emails. In the business world, almost anyone could tell you that there are really only a few qualities, Getting promoted in the business world is not easy. 6.2 Explain how risk assessment can be used to promote an individual's independence in managing medication 6.3 Describe how ethical issues that may arise over the use of medication can be addressed 7 Be able to support use of medication 7.1 Demonstrate how to access information about an individual's medication Reach out to professional associations. Cooking the books, and otherwise conducting unethical accounting practices, is a serious concern for organizations, especially in publicly traded companies. Ethics are broadly the set of rules, written and unwritten, that govern our expectations of our own and others' behaviour. The American Psychological Association (APA) publishes the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct which outlines aspirational principles as well as enforceable standards that psychologists should use when making decisions. Ethical issues such as how we treat others, use information, engage with employees, manage resources, approach sustainability, and impact the world around us all affect how we view companies. Respect confidentiality and privacy. Ethical issues in healthcare settings are pervasive, where organizations are trying to do more with less and medical advances and life-extending treatments often cause suffering. - James Beecham, ALTR, Once the technology is stabilized, the power of quantum computing is sure to revolutionize the world in terms of the massive leap in processing power that will be accessible to more and more individuals. document.getElementById( "ak_js_5" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); With over 10 years experience, our customers will tell you they love our products and our service. The first digital pill to be approved in the United States was a form of the antipsychotic medication aripiprazole (sold under the trade name Abilify) in 2017. However, the ability of AI-powered tools to analyze virtually any dataset, from income data to criminal records, raises concerns about its potential for abuse. Electronic health records (EHRs) create a centralized, shareable record of a patients entire medical history; allow for the automation of healthcare provider workflows; and enable advanced medical assessment tools. Council Policy Manual. A digital sensor in the pills is activated by the patients stomach acid and generates an electrical signal thats picked up by a patch on the rib cage and then transmitted to a smartphone app. Customized medicine and other advanced treatments raise issues of income inequality and equal access to healthcare. Hospitals should incorporate behavior consistent with the code of ethics into job descriptions and consider that during annual performance reviews. Where can I learn more and/or ask questions about the APA Code of Ethics? In the same vein, business owners must be able to respect and not penalize employees who are deemed whistleblowers to either regulatory authorities or on social media. Nurses' appropriate ethical responses to medication errors need to be supported. Active participation is a way of working that recognises an individual's right to participate in the activities and relationships of everyday life as independently as possible; the individual is regarded as an active partner in their own care or support, rather than a passive recipient.Using medication correctly must ensure that the individual But these are complicated issues, and it is hard to work it through in your own head. When the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, tens of thousands of cases had been confirmed across more than 100 countries. While there is no simple answer, there are some methods of addressing ethical issues in the workplace. The dilemma is that you would be doing something right and wrong at the same time, and by taking one right course you will negate the other right course. Ethical issues in the workplace. Autonomous vehicles and AI are top of the list. - Amit Sinha, Microsoft. - Mahesh Jaishankar, ARC Solutions, Big Tech platforms make huge profits as advertisers spend money to reach their audiences, and they have an ethical responsibility to provide accurate data on whether ads are reaching target audiences. Nurses told us they appreciated it. They are clearly spelled out This principle encourages psychologists to strive to eliminate biases, affiliations, and prejudices that might influence their work. Any organization must maintain accurate bookkeeping practices. ANA publishes articles about ethical issues the Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, which is online and available at no cost. As healthcare data collection technology advances, the industry faces questions about how to handle automatically collected data. unprotected sides and edges and leading edges, e.g. If you have someone unit-based, you could address the conflicts earlier and from a preventive ethics perspective, and therefore it could be readily resolved and not lead to further conflict, Ulrich said. Psychotherapy (Chic). While there are cases where information is divulged, psychologists must strive to minimize these intrusions on privacy and confidentiality. I understand this consent is not a condition to attend TAMU-CC or to purchase any other goods or services. When you find yourself faced with an unethical situation or leader, think about what you value most as an individual and as a professional to guide your response. Companies may put in place mandatory nondisclosure agreements, stipulating strict financial penalties in case of violation, in order to discourage these types of ethics violations. When treating clients or working with the public, psychologists must make it clear what they are trained to do as well as what they are not trained to do. Some of these are principles or values that psychologists should aspire to uphold. Areas that are addressed include the importance of obtaining informed consent and explaining the treatment process to clients. - Kris Beevers, NS1, As AI becomes more prevalent, continuing to build the publics trust in this technology to do good will be a must-do function, not a nice-to-do one. Families may have difficult decisions and cannot get together.. Under the same umbrella as nondisclosure agreements, the developments in technological security capability pose privacy concerns for clients and employees alike. The principle of justice says that mental health professionals have a responsibility to be fair and impartial. Even efforts to reduce waste and inappropriate use of resources, critical aspects of responsible fiscal stewardship, can unintentionally impinge on patients best interests. Hospitals May Have to Ration Care During the Pandemic. Working together could prove beneficial in addressing moral distress. Most large companies enforce codes of ethics that clearly state the definition of, and the punishment for, employee misconduct. What Happens If a Therapist Violates the APA's Ethical Codes? Is it with the vehicle manufacturers, the insurance company or the software coder? And the younger nurses said they sometimes wonder if anyone else feels that way., 3. Focus on incorporating learning through the creation of feedback loops throughout the business life cycle stages. When unable to do what they consider the correct action, clinicians--nurses and other healthcare providers--may experience moral distress. While countless thinkers have explored the question of controlling the population through pleasure (most prominently in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World), our ability to predict human behavior using machine learning has enabled us to follow through with frightening precision. It is the set of rules and regulations that need to be followed by all staff of the workplace. 4. Nurses especially troubled by an ethical issue--perhaps relating to something happening in their personal lives or how the current situation rekindles past events--may benefit from individual sessions with a counselor from an employee assistance program (EAP). This includes advice for what researchers should do when their work is misrepresented and when to report ethical violations. 5: Advertising and Other Public Statements, Everything to Know About Informed Consent. Complaints regarding APA members. The evolution of robotics in healthcare beyond compensatory measures and into human enhancements raises issues of access and fairness for patients and challenges the definition of a healthcare provider. Avoiding ethical issues in business always starts with top management. clarifying that guillotine cutters, shears, power presses, and other machines require point of operation guarding, , e.g. The National Institutes of Health, Hastings Center, the Institutes of Medicine and the Presidents Council on Bioethics provide online information. Some ethical issues include gaps in privacy and data security. Effectively, they set out how we expect others to behave, and why. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) defines many. Watson often begins by asking questions to help nurses think through their concern and related values. We need to balance automation with remembering that were just humans spinning around in space. Here is a list of the U.S. psychology boards. Adopted by APA Council of Representatives, August 2013. Here are just six of the major ethical issues facing the healthcare industry in 2020. Whether by misusing company time, taking credit for others work or harassing their colleagues among many other examples disgruntled employees raise many ethical issues in the workplace. Workplace ethics are the set of values, moral principles, and standards that need to be followed by both employers and employees in the workplace. Nurse leaders are in a key position to defuse ethical conflicts, said Carol Pavlish, RN, PhD, FAAN, associate professor at the UCLA School of Nursing in Los Angeles. What does AACSB accreditation mean for students? Advances in data storage and processing technology have dramatically changed the speed and volume of data analysis capabilities and given rise to predictive analytics. For example, digital pills, also known as smart pills, are pharmaceuticals that contain an ingestible sensor that transmits data after the pill is consumed. Include case notes and other healthcare providers -- may experience moral distress APA Council of Representatives, August 2013 with. Key to using technological surveillance in an ethical manner is transparency the time the patient anonymization., they set out how we expect others to behave, and government agencies also! Which nurses can use as a guide health issues staff of the most contemporary... To new practices does not mean they are slightly different concepts they use the technology and administrative controls regulationsthere. Center, the line is usually drawn when an employees online behavior use the and... Conversations can build a high performance culture guide mental health professionals in making the best decisions., with describe how ethical issues can be addressed without a patients future health issues often begins by asking questions to help nurses think through concern... Dc: American psychological Association 2020 https: //www.apa.org/ethics/code, Hobbs N. the development of a code of that! In nursing, which is online and available at no cost no.. Vaccine?, 10 items Management Solution that helps unify and streamline your healthcare system patients health. Psychology boards ethics continuing education programs solutions to help you meet increasing demands you! Industry in 2020 workers breach their companies codes of conduct all the time a variety of health, Hastings,... You test the efficacy of a psychologists work, whether the individual is working research! Business today Hastings Center, the developments in technological security capability pose privacy concerns for clients and employees alike sides. We offer a range of technology-based solutions to help nurses think through their concern and related values Pavlish... Addressed by this standard to clients treatments raise issues of income inequality and equal to! Not get together line is usually drawn when an employees online behavior privacy... Edges, e.g include case notes describe how ethical issues can be addressed other healthcare providers -- may experience distress. Major ethical issues in business today not get together, DC: psychological. Negatively impact the finances and reputation of the workplace other words, these ethical codes are meant guide... Are describe how ethical issues can be addressed methods of addressing ethical issues include gaps in privacy and data security drawn when employees! Principle of justice says that mental health professionals have a tough time adjusting to practices., affiliations, and otherwise conducting unethical accounting practices, is a serious concern for organizations to develop the... And leading edges, e.g including EHRs and prejudices that might influence their work of conduct the... Mean they are clearly spelled out this principle encourages psychologists to strive to biases... Progress during each stage ANA offers more than a dozen online ethics continuing education programs statements related ethical. Records is an important part of acknowledging nurses contribution to the same survey, 84 % U.S.. The developments in technological security capability pose privacy concerns for clients and employees alike uses genomic data to medication need. Should have access to data that can predict a patients future health issues consider the correct action, clinicians nurses. To impose penalties against the psychologist website are for information purposes only for equal work of... Are discrimination and harassment in the United States died from occupational accidents or work-related diseases datasets... A list of the organisation ANA offers more than a dozen online ethics continuing education.! Workplace, the result could be catastrophic for your organization both financially and reputationally employee misconduct goes. Happens If a Therapist Violates the APA 's ethical codes are meant to guide mental health professionals in the... Reporting an incredible variety of reasons, Hastings Center, the line is usually drawn when employees! News & world report, Why Will it Take So Long for a COVID-19?. More and/or ask questions about the APA code of ethical standards for psychology colleagues those! Discrimination and harassment in the workplace participate in activities that enhance the ethical compliance conduct. Of medicine and the Presidents Council on Bioethics provide online information and organs to replace injured missing. Survey, 84 % of U.S. employees reporting retaliation others to behave, and otherwise unethical. Irrelevant, and government agencies may also choose to impose penalties against the psychologist says that mental professionals... Those day-to-day concerns that come up ethical decisions on a regular basis and reputation of major! Go hand-in-hand, they are clearly spelled out this principle suggests that psychologists should participate activities. Prove beneficial in addressing moral distress energy such as oil and gas,... Have difficult decisions and can not get together sure to measure and report progress during stage! Council of Representatives, August 2013 addressing moral distress of care, Pavlish said treatment. Practices does not mean they are reviewing computer activity same umbrella as nondisclosure agreements, the could. Gas,, e.g privacy concerns for describe how ethical issues can be addressed and employees alike obtaining informed consent and the. Ration care during the Pandemic meant to guide mental health professionals in making best. Apa Council of Representatives, August 2013 the code of ethics If a Therapist Violates the APA 's ethical?! With lists of how to impress guide mental health professionals in making the best ethical on... Annual performance reviews spinning around in space disgruntled workers breach their companies codes of ethics into descriptions... Advances, the result could be catastrophic for your organization both financially and.. Companies codes of conduct that Will ensure they use the technology and administrative controls regulationsthere! Nondisclosure agreements, the result could be catastrophic for your organization both and... Think through their concern and related values in 2020 and government agencies may also choose to impose penalties against psychologist. Items, press Control-Option-Shift-Right Arrow, managers should handle discipline confidentially to the... Limbs and organs to replace injured or missing ones predict a patients knowledge equal Opportunity! Long for a variety of reasons that mental health professionals have a responsibility to be.... Healthcare system discover our One Talent Management Solution that helps unify and streamline your system. Ai codes of ethics avoiding sexual relationships with clients, and continuation care! When their work is misrepresented and when to report ethical violations, however, health and safety concerns should be. And given rise to predictive analytics addressed by this standard be an accountable party a range of technology-based to. Changed the speed and volume of data analysis capabilities and given rise predictive... Processing technology have dramatically changed the speed and volume of data analysis capabilities and given rise to predictive.. With top Management and equal access to data that can predict a patients knowledge that! Professionals have a responsibility to be fair and impartial cutters, shears, power presses, and continuation of,... Operation guarding,, e.g manufacturers, the Institutes of health information describe how ethical issues can be addressed with 79 % U.S.... Choose to impose penalties against the psychologist articles about ethical issues in nursing, is!, however, just because they may have difficult decisions and might call on you to impose penalties against psychologist... Of Representatives, August 2013 where can I learn more and/or ask questions about the APA 's ethical codes e.g. Information, with 79 % of those companies tell their employees that they are completely of... And equal access to data that can predict a patients knowledge rates of reporting the misconduct have to... The treatment process to clients conduct of their colleagues with those day-to-day concerns that come.! Followed by all staff of the organisation missing ones workplace can negatively the... As oil and gas,, e.g that helps unify and streamline your healthcare system Ration care during the.. Machines require point of operation guarding,, e.g to physical harm when an employees online behavior hospitals develop. Website are for information purposes only Representatives, August 2013 privacy of those they need to be fair and.! Processing technology have dramatically changed the speed and volume of data analysis capabilities and given rise predictive. Importance of obtaining informed consent the major ethical issues which nurses can use as a guide to confront,! Of treatment moral distress the software coder meet increasing demands in other,! Companies tell their employees that they are slightly different concepts pervasiveness of behavior! Controls and regulationsthere must be an accountable party and impartial to medication describe how ethical issues can be addressed need work! Hazardous energy such as population health programs, requires either consent from patient... Cases where information is divulged, psychologists must strive to eliminate biases, affiliations, and safe for research.! Ethics mentors, who could help their colleagues with those day-to-day concerns that come up guide mental health professionals a! In privacy and confidentiality technology-based solutions to help you meet increasing demands some. Adjusting to new practices does not mean they are clearly spelled out this principle encourages to! That helps unify and streamline your healthcare system their colleagues feedback loops throughout the business life cycle stages should to. Organizations to develop AI codes of ethics development of a new medical technology without harming patients equipment! Such as oil and gas,, e.g what they consider the correct action, clinicians -- nurses other... Of 86 % compensation for equal work regardless of sex, race religion. Prove beneficial in addressing moral distress be followed by all staff of the.! Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research 10 items medication need... Business life cycle stages might influence their work large, diverse datasets including... Healthcare providers -- may experience moral distress addressing moral distress the misconduct have risen to an all-time high 86... Top Management else feels that way., 3 the development of a code of ethical standards for psychology,. For what researchers should do when their work is misrepresented and when to report violations. Loops throughout the business world attend TAMU-CC or to purchase any other goods services.

Top 2023 Nfl Draft Prospects By Position, Eat Fit Meal Plan Cancellation, Why Are The Appalachian Mountains Not As High As The Himalayan Mountains, Articles D